Learning Objectives:

•Differentiate the physiological arrangement of right and left hearts.

•Outline the parallel arrangement of systemic circulation.

•Trace the path of blood flow through the whole circulatory system with

•comparisons of pressures in various components of the heart and circulatory tree.

•Describe the basic functional anatomy and mechanics of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves.

•Describe the properties of cardiac muscles in relation with the clinical significance of each.

Learning Objectives:

1. Identify and sequence of seven phases of the cardiac cycle, linking each phase to changes in pressure, volume, and valvular dynamics.

2. Analyze the pressure-volume relationships in the left and right ventricles throughout the cardiac cycle, understanding their role in determining stroke volume and ejection fraction.

3. Describe the dynamics of atrioventricular and semilunar valves during the cardiac cycle, including their opening and closure mechanisms.

4. Evaluate key hemodynamic parameters like stroke volume and ejection fraction, recognizing their clinical significance for assessing cardiac function and diagnosing pathologies.

5. Correlate ECG patterns with specific cardiac cycle phases, grasping the electrical events underlying atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization.

6. Interpret clinical correlations related to the cardiac cycle, such as the etiology of the incisura in the aortic pressure curve and the pathological significance of heart sounds.

These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of cardiac pumping:

Learning objectives:

1. Discuss the significance of regulation of cardiac pumping

2. Discuss the concepts of preload and afterload

3. Discuss the mechanism and significance of Frank Starling’s Law

4. Discuss the intrinsic mechanisms of regulation of cardiac pumping

5. Discuss the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the heart

6. Describe how serum potassium and calcium affect the heart function

7. Discuss the effect of body temperature on the heart function

Study Resources:

1. Chapter 9, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

3. Chapter 30, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

4. Cardiac Cycle - StatPearls, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459327/

5. Chapter 14, Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, Dee Silverthorn, 8th ed

Learning Objectives:

• Trace the normal sequence of cardiac depolarization via specialized conductive pathways and cardiac myocytes.

• Illustrate the velocity of conduction of cardiac impulse through specialized conductive pathways.

• Draw and label a typical pacemaker action potential.

• Describe the ionic basis of various phases of pacemaker potential.

Learning objectives:

1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography

2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG

3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)

4. Differentiate between intervals and segments

5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG

6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle

7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph

8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained

9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range

10.  Define the mean QRS vector

11.  Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)

12.  Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG

13.  Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation

14.  Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance

Study Resources:

1.     Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2.     Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

3.     Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

4.     Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/

5.     ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition

6.     Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/

7.     ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics

Learning Objectives: 

• Relate the ECG findings with electrophysiologic events in cardiac cycle. 

• Determine the heart rate and rhythm using ECG trace

• Interpret the normal waves, segments and intervals of ECG

Learning objectives:

1. Summarise how an electrocardiogram is read

2. Discuss the electrocardiographic interpretation of:

3. Abnormal voltages of the QRS complex

4. Abnormal sinus rhythms

5. Heart blocks

6. Myocardial ischemia and infarction

7. Electrolytes abnormalities

8. Explain the following terms: reentry, and circus movement

9. Describe the electrical alteration in conduction responsible for fibrillation and flutter

10.  Differentiate between fibrillation and flutter based on ECG findings

11.  Describe the significance of defibrillation in emergency cardiac situations

Study Resources:

1.     Chapter 12, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2.     Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

3.     Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

4.     Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/

5.     ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition

6.     Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/

7. ECG Basics, https://geekymedics.com/how-to-read-an-ecg/ 

Learning Objectives:

• Distinguish between acute and chronic control of local blood flow.

• Describe the mechanism of acute and chronic control of local blood flow.

•  Describe active and reactive hyperemia.

These are simplified slides discussing the regulation of cardiac output and venous return.

Learning objectives:

1. Comprehend the determinants of cardiac output and factors affecting cardiac output

2. Comprehend the factors affecting stroke volume and heart rate and total peripheral resistance

3. Identify the factors regulating venous return

4. Discuss the causes of high and low output cardiac failure

5. Enlist the functions of veins and recognise the significance of venous reservoirs

Study resources:

1. Chapter 20, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2. Chapter 30 and 32, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

3. Chapter 10, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

4. Physiology, Cardiac Output - StatPearls  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470455/

Learning Objectives:

• Outline the anatomical and physiological differences in blood circulation across various specialized regions, including coronary, cerebral, splanchnic, cutaneous, fetal, skeletal muscle, and pulmonary circulations. 

• Analyze the mechanisms of neural and local control in regulating blood flow within these specialized regions, highlighting the roles of autonomic nervous system and local metabolic factors.

• Compare the physiological significance of variation in circulation through special regions

• Identify the unique features of fetal circulation and the critical changes that occur at birth.

• Describe the role of autoregulation and hyperemia in maintaining adequate blood flow in cerebral and coronary circulations.

Learning Objectives:

•Describe the anatomy of coronary circulation in relation to its functional significance.

•Analyze the role of nervous and metabolic factors in regulation of coronary circulation.

•Evaluate the clinical causes and pathophysiological basis of ischemic heart disease in relation to the possible complications.

•Apply a basic understanding of electrocardiography to diagnose patients with ischemic heart disease.

Learning Objectives:

•Differentiate between normal and abnormal heart sounds.

•Describe the timing and causes of the four heart sounds.

•Describe the expected auscultation sounds that define mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency, aortic stenosis, and aortic insufficiency.

•Explain how these pathologic changes would affect cardiac mechanics and blood pressure.

•Enlist the types of abnormal heart sounds (murmurs)

•Correlate the systolic and diastolic murmurs with valvular heart diseases like stenosis and regurgitation.

•Comprehend pathophysiology of congenital heart diseases.

•Describe the Pathophysiology of congenital heart diseases like:

•Tetralogy of fallot

•Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Learning Objectives:

• Define circulatory shock.

•  Classify different types of shock.

• Describe the pathophysiological basis of each type of shock.

• Describe the stages of shock