•Make a flow sheet diagram of cellular and fluid composition and general functions of blood & plasma.

•Classify plasma proteins & compare their functions & importance for the human body.

•Define & explain hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV).

•Enlist the cellular and fluid components of blood in relation to their primary functions.

•Describe the structure of Erythrocytes in relation with their functions.

•Describe the structure of Erythrocytes in relation to their functions.

•Describe the process of Erythropoiesis schematically.

•Analyze the regulation of erythropoiesis, including the role of erythropoietin.

• Describe the normal and abnormal variations of different types of Hemoglobin.

• Describe the iron metabolism in relation to red blood cell physiology.

• Correlate the metabolism of haemoglobin with the pathophysiology of jaundice.

• • Describe the key red blood cell indices and their physiological significance in assessing erythrocyte characteristics and overall hematological health.

  • Interpret normal and abnormal values of RBC indices to identify and classify various types of anemia and red blood cell disorders.

  • Apply standard formulas to calculate important RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, CI) and analyze their clinical implications.

  • Correlate changes in red cell indices with underlying pathophysiological conditions such as iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and hereditary spherocytosis.

  • Evaluate the diagnostic value of supplementary tests like RDW and osmotic fragility in the context of red cell morphology and membrane stability.

• Differentiate between various types of anaemias and their clinical and lab presentation.

• Compare and contrast different types of anaemia based on aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations and blood picture.

• Analyse the effects of anaemia on the circulatory system.

• Describe aetiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of polycythemia.

• Enumerate the types of white blood cells

• Describe the characteristics and functions of Neutrophils

• Explain the process of defense against invading agent by neutrophils

• Explain the functions of neutrophils and macrophages in spread of inflammation (walling off effect)

• Define the Reticuloendothelial system

•Describe the different components of the Reticuloendothelial system.

• Discuss different lines of defense during inflammation

•Define immunity

•Classify immunity

•Explain innate immunity

•Explain acquired/adaptive immunity

•Describe the structure of antigen

•Explain the process of clone selection during T-cell processing

•Explain humoral immunity

•Describe the structure of immunoglobulin

•Enlist the types of immunoglobulins along with their functions

•Explain the role of memory cells in secondary antibody response

•Describe the mechanism of action of antibodies

•Elaborate the complement system

•Describe the role of helper T-cells in humoral immunity

•Elaborate the cell-mediated immunity

•Describe the role of helper T-cells in cell-mediated immunity

•Describe the role of regulatory T-cells in cell-mediated immunity

•Explain the role of cytotoxic T-cells in immunity

•Explain the role of MHC proteins and T-cell receptors in specific cell-mediated immunity.

•Elaborate immune tolerance

•Discuss failure of tolerance mechanisms

•Discuss immunization

•Define passive immunity

•Explain delayed reaction allergy

•Explain atopic allergy

•Explain anaphylaxis, urticaria, and hay fever

Learning objectives:

1. Identify the various blood groups

2. Explain the principles of blood grouping keeping in view their physiological significance

3. Discuss the hazards of blood transfusion

Study Resources:

1. Chapter 36, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2. Chapter 11, Human Physiology From Cells to System by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

3. Chapter 31, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

4. Hematology and Oncology, First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2023 

•Identify the role of cells and proteins involved in the process of maintaining hemostasis.

•Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic regulations of blood coagulation.

•Outline the factors that prevent clotting in normal blood.

•Describe the mechanism of action of common anticoagulant drugs.

•Interpret the laboratory findings of bleeding and clotting profile in correlation with the patient's clinical presentation.

•Discuss the morphology, etiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis and hemophilia.