These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.

These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.

Learning objectives:

1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract

2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out

3. Discuss the significance of dead space

4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation

5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes

Study Resources:

1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874

Learning objectives:

1. Describe the functional anatomy and characteristics of pulmonary blood flow

2. Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation

3. Describe the three zones of pulmonary blood flow

4. Explain the Starling forces governing the dynamics of fluid exchange across lung capillary membranes

5. Describe the mechanisms of development of pulmonary edema

6. Describe the causes and pathophysiology of pulmonary edema

7. Explain the significance of edema safety factors

8. Describe the characteristics of pleural fluid

9. Briefly describe the types of pleural effusion and their causes

10.  

Study Resources:

1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2. Chapter 34 and 35, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

4. Chapter 4, West’s Respiratory Physiology, 10th edition

5. Pulmonary circulation:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518997/

Learning Objectives:

•Describe the ventilation (V˙) and perfusion (Q˙) ratio along with its normal value and significance.

•Analyse the Impact of Different V˙/Q˙ Ratios on Alveolar Gas Concentrations

•Describe physiological shunt and its causes and effects on gas exchange.

•Apply the Bohr Equation to Calculate Physiological Dead Space

•Analyze the variations in V˙/Q˙ Ratios in different lung regions and diseased conditions.

•Explore the Clinical Implications of Abnormal V˙/Q˙ Ratios

•Discuss the physiological and clinical consequences of abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratios on respiratory function.

Learning Objectives:

•Describe the mechanism of net diffusion of gases, including the role of concentration and partial pressure differences.

•Describe the role of concentration and solubility of gases in gaseous exchange across respiratory membrane.

•Analyze the factors affecting the rate of gaseous diffusion across respiratory membranes.

•Calculate the diffusion coefficient along with its impact on gaseous exchange.

•Analyze the role of residual volume of air in stabilising gaseous exchange.

•Correlate the alveolar air composition with rate of ventilation and efficiency of gaseous exchange.

•Distinguish between dead space air and alveolar air in expired air, and apply the alveolar gas equation to understand the composition and dynamics of gases in the respiratory system.

Learning Objectives:

•Identify the components of the respiratory unit, along with their role in gaseous exchange.

•Describe respiratory membrane properties in relation to the impact on gaseous exchange.

•Calculate the diffusing capacities for oxygen and carbon dioxide under various conditions, including rest and exercise.

•Differentiate between diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange.

•Analyze the factors affecting gaseous exchange across the respiratory membrane.

Learning objectives:

1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center

2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm

3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons

4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers

5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration

6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration

7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration

8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise

9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms

10.  Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing

Study Resources:

1.     Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2.     Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

3.     Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

Learning objectives:

1. Define hypoxia

2. Enlist the causes and describe the features of different types of hypoxia

3. Define cyanosis

4. Enumerate the causes of cyanosis

Learning objectives:

1.     Explain the change in composition of air at high altitude and the effects of low oxygen pressure on the body

2.     Discuss the change of alveolar PO2 at different elevations

3.     Explain the mechanisms and principles of acclimatization of the body to low O2

4.     Identify and explain the causes of natural acclimatization in natives of High altitude

5.     Explain the causes & clinical features of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), & High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

6.     Identify various treatment modalities for Acute Mountain Sickness

7.     Explain the causes & clinical features of Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS)

Study Resources:

1. Chapter 44, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition

2. Chapter 34 and 35, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition

3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition

4. Chapter 9, West’s Respiratory Physiology, 10th edition

5. The Physiology of High-Altitude Exposure: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232874/

Learning Objectives:

• Describe pressure changes in sea depth and their significance.

• Describe the pathogenesis and clinical implications of N2, O2 and CO2 toxicity occurring at high pressures in sea depth.

• Describe the pathophysiology, effects and treatment of Caisson’s disease.

• Describe the functioning of SCUBA and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Learning Objectives:

•Correlate the various muscle metabolic systems used as energy substrates with the type of exercise i.e. aerobic and anaerobic.

•Explain how each of the following can alter exercise performance: types of exercise, muscle fatigue, VO2max,

•anaerobic threshold, gender, and age

•Describe the concept of oxygen debt.

•Explain oxygen consumption and pulmonary ventilation during exercise

•Analyze the respiratory and cardiovascular adaptations to exercise.