Learrning Objectives:

1.Describe the functional organization of the nervous system

2.Briefly overview the functions of the brain

3.Classify different types of neurons

4.Describe the functions of different types of neuroglial cells

Learning objectives:

1.Define and classify synapses

2.Distinguish between electrical and chemical transmissions at synapses

3.Describe excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

4.Outline the ionic fluxes that underlie them

5.Explain how the excitatory and inhibitory potentials interact to generate action potentials

6.Recognise the functions of dendrites for exciting

7.Discuss the properties of synapses

8.Describe the effects of hypoxia, acidosis and alkalosis on synaptic transmission

9.Describe the effects of caffeine, tetanus and botulinum toxin, strychnine and anesthetics on the synaptic transmission

Learrning Objectives:

1.Describe the characteristics of the transmitter substances

2.Classify the transmitter substances

3.Compare the actions initiated by binding of a neurotransmitter to an ionotropic (ligand-gated) versus metabotropic (G-protein-coupled, GPCR) receptor

4.Recognize the major distribution of the various types of receptors that mediate the functional responses of the common neurotransmitters

5.Provide examples of neurotransmitter dysfunction which contributes to some neuropathological disorders

Learrning Objectives:

1.Enumerate the sensory pathways

2.Enlist the sensations carried by the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus (DCML) system

3.Trace the DCML tract

4.Describe the characteristics of DCML system

5.Enlist the sensations carried by the Spinothalamic tract/Anterolateral System (ALS)

6.Trace the Spinothalamic tract/Anterolateral system

7.Compare the characteristics of DCML and ALS

8.Correlate the functions of DCML and ALS with the sensory loss seen in Brown-Sequard syndrome

Learning Objectives:

1.Describe the organisation of somatosensory areas

2.Discuss the significance of sensory homunculus

3.Briefly describe the functions of the layers of the somatosensory cortex

4.Delineate the functions of somatosensory area I and somatosensory association areas

Learning Objectives:

•Classify sensory receptors based on their adequate stimuli, location, and structural characteristics.

•Describe the process of sensory transduction from receptor potential to action potential generation.

•Differentiate between tonic and phasic receptors in terms of adaptation and functional significance.

•Correlate the type of mechanoreceptors with their structure, location, conduction velocity, and sensory modalities.

•Explain the principles of sensory coding, including modality, intensity, location, and duration of stimuli.

•Illustrate the concept of labeled line principle and lateral inhibition with examples to understand stimulus perception and localization.

Learning Objectives:

1. Enumerate the types of pains and differentiate between them.

2. Enlist the pain receptors. Describe their characteristics along with their stimuli and the mechanism of stimulation 

3. Compare and contrast the dual pain pathways in the spinal cord and brain stem 

4. Name the pain centers in the brain.

5.  Describe the characteristics and mechanism of stimulation of thermoreceptors. 

Learning Objectives:

1. Describe the physiological basis of the central analgesia system.

2. Elaborate the role of opioids in pain suppression.

3. Describe the physiological basis of pain suppression mechanisms, like massage, acupuncture etc.

4. Enumerate the abnormalities of pain.

5. Describe the pathophysiological basis of abnormalities of pain like migraines, allodynia, and headaches.

Learning Objectives:

• Explain the pathophysiological significance of referred and visceral pain.

• Describe the physiological basis of referred and visceral pain.

• Enlist the characteristics of referred and visceral pain.

Learning Objectives:

• Describe the role of proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi

tendon organs) in motor movements.

• Explain the dynamic and static stretch reflex.

• Describe the flexor reflex and the crossed extensor reflex.

• Explain the reciprocal inhibition and reciprocal innervation.

• Identify the reflexes of posture and locomotion in the spinal cord.

Learning Objectives:

•Describe the anatomical components and major subdivisions of the limbic system, including cortical and subcortical structures, and their interconnections.

•Explain the functional roles of the limbic system in emotional and behavioral regulation.

•Analyze the contributions of key structures such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala in mediating physiological and behavioral responses.

•Describe the clinical relevance of limbic system dysfunction, including syndromes such as Klüver-Bucy, Korsakoff, and Alzheimer’s disease.

Learrning Objectives:

•Identify the location of the cell bodies and axonal trajectories of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

•Identify the neurotransmitters and receptor types involved in neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system and its target organs.

•Describe how various drugs alter neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, release, and reuptake and receptor activation and blockade within the autonomic nervous system.

•Compare the overall functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

•Compare and contrast the functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves at targets where they act as functional antagonists, synergistically, and independently.

•Identify the location of forebrain and brainstem neurons and sensory afferents that are involved in the control of the autonomic nervous system.

•Identify examples of autonomic dysfunction due to primary damage within the autonomic nervous system or as a consequence of other pathologies.

Learning Objectives:

•Describe the secretion, flow, absorption and functions of Cerebrospinal fluid

•Correlate the abnormal CSF pressure signs and symptoms with its pathophysiology.

Learning Objectives:

•  Describe the events in Cerebrovascular Accident

• Enlist the factors regulating cerebral Blood Flow

• Describe the special needs of oxygen and glucose for brain

metabolism

• Describe the anatomy and physiology of Blood Brain Barrier

• Enumerate the names and significance of Circumventricular Organs.