•Explain the Physiological basis of membrane potential.

•Explain diffusion potentials of Na & K Potentials.

•Define Nernst potential.

•Explain Physiological Basis of Nernst potential.

•Write the Nernst equation.

•Calculate Nernst potential for Na & K.

•Explain the effects of altering the concentration of Na+, K+, Ca on the equilibrium potential for that ion.

•Describe the normal distribution of Na+, K+, Ca and Cl- across the cell membrane.

•Explain physiological basis of Goldman equation.

•Clarify the role of Goldman equation in generation of Resting Membrane Potential (RMP).

•Describe the Physiological basis of generation of RMP.

•Describe the Physiological anatomy of Neurons

•Discuss the axonal transport

•Enlist & give functions of Neuroglial cells

•Explain process of myelination in Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

•Classify neurons functionally.

•Classify nerve fibers according to Erlanger & Gasser Classification

•Enlist properties of nerve fibers.

•Define Action Potential

•Enlist the properties of action potential

•Describe the ionic basis of an action potential.

•Explain the phases of action potential.

•Explain absolute and relative refractory period.

•Explain the role of other ions in action potential.

•Explain Physiological basis & properties of Graded potential

•Contrast between action potential and graded potential

•Explain the mechanism of conduction of Nerve impulse in myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

•Elaborate significance of saltatory conduction

•Name the membrane stabilizers.

•Explain the physiological basis of action of Local Anesthetics.

•Explain the effects of hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia on the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP).

•Explain the effects of hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia on the action potential.

•Elaborate the effect of hypocalcemia on neuron excitability.

•Enlist the types of nerve injury

•Explain Wallerian degeneration.

•Describe the process of regeneration of nerve fiber.

•Describe the causes, features & pathophysiology of Multiple sclerosis, GB syndrome.

Learning Objectives:

1. Explain the basis of Nernst potential and its importance in generation of resting membrane potential

2. Comprehend different mechanisms responsible for the genesis of membrane potential

3. Use the Goldman equation to explain how the relative permeability of the ions creates a resting membrane potential

Learning Objectives:

1. Define action potential

2. Illustrate different phases of action potential and explain ionic & electrical changes occurring during each phase of action potential

3. Differentiate between myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers based on their structure and characteristics

4. Describe the conduction of action potential in unmyelinated and myelinated neurons

5. Explain the concept of saltatory conduction

6. Differentiate between action potential and local potential

Learning Objectives:

1.Explain the concept of all or nothing principle in propagation of an action potential

2.Differentiate between absolute and relative refractory periods

3.Explain the effect of hypocalcemia on permeability of sodium channels

4.Distinguish the effects of hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoxia on the resting membrane potential & action potential 

•Illustrate the physiologic anatomy of skeletal muscle.

• Describe the structure of Sarcomere

•Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of skeletal muscle.

•Illustrate the physiologic anatomy of skeletal muscle.

•Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of skeletal muscle.

•Discuss the physiological anatomy of skeletal muscles.

•Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of skeletal muscle.

• Differentiate between isometric and isotonic contraction by giving examples.

• Compare the fast and slow muscle fibers.

• Explain the mechanism of summation and Tetanization.

• Describe staircase effect/Treppe phenomena

• Discuss the mechanism of skeletal muscle fatigue.

• Explain the remodeling of skeletal muscle to match the function. 

• Describe the development of macro motor units in poliomyelitis.

• Explain the physiological basis of rigor mortis

• Discuss the steps/ events of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle

• Differentiate between types of smooth muscles.

• Describe mechanism of smooth muscle contraction in comparison to skeletal muscle

• Explain the physiological anatomy of neuromuscular junction of smooth muscle.

• Explain the excitatory and inhibitory transmitters secreted at Neuro Muscular Junction (NMJ) of smooth muscles.

• Explain the depolarization of multiunit smooth muscles without action potentials.

• Explain the local tissue factors and hormones that can cause smooth muscle contraction without action potential.

• Explain the regulation of smooth muscle contraction by calcium ions.

• Explain membrane potential and action potentials in smooth muscles.

• Explain the phenomena of stress relaxation and reverse stress relaxation in smooth muscles.

• Explain the LATCH mechanism.

• Describe the significance of LATCH mechanism.

• Explain the nervous and hormonal control of Smooth Muscle Contraction.

• Describe the physiological anatomy & functional properties of cardiac muscles.

• Compare the physiological anatomy & functions of skeletal, smooth & cardiac muscles.

• Classify and explain Physiological basis of different  types of synapses

• Elaborate how signal transmission takes place across chemical synapse

• Explain the physiological anatomy of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

• Describe the types of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and their functions

• Explain the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic on various organs/ system of body