Learning Objectives:

•Describe the visual pathway and its lesions.

•Compare the roles of Parvocellular and Magnocellular pathways in visual processing.

•Describe the functions of the LGN in visual processing.

•Identify the key areas & functions of the primary & secondary visual cortex in processing visual information.

•Describe the mechanism of different types of eye movements.

•Recognize common visual field defects and their neurophysiological basis.

•Describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the eye.

•Describe the pathophysiology of strabismus, Horner’s syndrome and Argyll Robertson pupil.

Learning objectives: 

• Describe the physiological anatomy of ear

• Explain the mechanism of conduction of sound waves through the ear to the cochlea.

• Explain the physiology of the middle ear.

• Describe “impedance matching” and its importance.

• Describe the process of attenuation of sounds.

• Explain the place principle.

• Describe the functions of the organ of Corti.

• Explain the mechanism of determining the loudness of sound.

• Describe the auditory pathway and its abnormalities.

• Recognize the function of the cerebral cortex in hearing.

• Explain the process of determining the direction from which sound is coming.

• Describe various hearing abnormalities.

• Interpret the various hearing tests for different types of hearing abnormalities. 

Learning Objectives:

• Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.

•  Describe the structure and function of taste buds.

Learning Objectives:

• Describe the components and functions of the vestibular system.

• Differentiate between static and dynamic equilibrium.

• Explain the functions of the utricle, saccule, maculae, and semicircular canals.

• Describe vestibular hair-cell structure and sensory transduction.

• Explain how linear and angular acceleration are detected.

• Trace the major central vestibular pathways.

• Explain the vestibulo-ocular reflex and mechanism of nystagmus.

• Describe vestibular, tonic neck, and righting reflexes.

• Explain the role of the cerebellum in maintaining equilibrium.