• Define Physiology.

• Describe the functional organisation of the human body from cell to system.

• Define Homeostasis.

• Explain control system of body by giving examples.

• Differentiate between Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids.

• Explain the positive and negative feedback mechanisms with examples.

• Explain the significance of feed forward, adaptive control, and delayed negative feedback mechanisms.

• Describe the structure and composition of a human cell membrane.

• Describe how the distribution of phospholipids and proteins influences membrane permeability of ions, hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds.

• Enlist the various functions of integral and peripheral proteins in the cell membrane.

• Differentiate membranous organelles from nonmembranous organelles.

• Describe the structure and function of nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, chromosomes, nucleoplasm, and nucleolus.

• Compare the structure and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

• Explain the importance of Golgi apparatus in packaging and storage of newly formed proteins.

• Describe the structure and functions of vaults.

• Describe the synthesis, types, and functions of ribosomes.

• Summarize the structure and functions of secretory vesicles.

• Discuss the physiological anatomy of mitochondria and its role in energy synthesis.

• Compare and contrast the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes.

• Describe the structure and function of the cell cytoskeleton  

• microtubules

• microfilaments

• intermediate filaments.

• Describe the mechanism of movements of cells 

• amoeboid

• ciliary

• flagellar movements

• Enumerate the different types of cells junctions

• Differentiate cells junctions based on structure & function

• Describe the structure of DNA

• Recognise the different types of RNA

• Briefly describe the steps of transcription to elucidate the functions of different types of RNA

• Briefly describe the process of translation

• Discuss the mechanisms of genetic control of cell functions 

• Describe the cell cycle

• Briefly describe the process of DNA replication

• Describe the control of cell reproduction by telomeres and telomerase

• Compare and contrast apoptosis and necrosis

• Explain the pathophysiology of cancer and ageing

• Describe different types of transport across the cell membrane.

• Differentiate between active and passive transport.

• Enlist the characteristics of various cell membrane transporters.

• Describe osmosis and its characteristics.

• Differentiate between osmolarity and tonicity.

• Describe the relation between osmolarity and osmotic pressure.

• Enumerate characteristics of different types of vesicular transport across the cellular membrane.

• Define normal body temperature.

• Describe the physiological mechanisms of heat loss and heat production in human body.

• Describe the physiological regulation of body temperature.

• Describe the abnormalities of body temperature regulation