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Y1B1M2 - Cell Structure & Function
Expand a subject to review the topics and learning objectives retained from the official NUMS BDS Year I source. Topic links will be added only in a later reviewed stage.
5Subjects
37Topics
0Linked
Embryology3 listed topics
- First week of DevelopmentLearning objectivesAppraise the implantation and its normal siteDescribe the changes in uterus at time of implantation.Explain the process of cleavageExplain the formation of morula and blastulaDescribe the formation of inner and outer cell mass within the blastocyst cavityAppraise abnormal sites for implantation (ectopic pregnancy) and its clinical significance.
- Second week of developmentLearning objectivesDiscuss the formation of bilaminar embryonic disc from embryoblast.Describe early differentiation of trophoblastExplain the formation of amniotic cavity,chorion, secondary yolk sac and chorionic plate.Explain the establishment of uteroplacental circulation.Appraise 2nd week as week of twos.
- Third week of developmentLearning objectivesDefine gastrulation (formation of three germ layers)Discuss the development, significance and fate of primitive streak.Describe the development of notochordal process, notochord canal, prechordal plate and cloacal membrane.Compare the topographic arrangement and derivatives of three components of intraembryonic Mesoderm (Paraxial, Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm)Describe differentiation of trophoblast during third week and formation of primary, secondary and tertiary chorionic villi oEnumerate the parts of placenta oExplain formation and fate of allantois.
Histology8 listed topics
- HISTOLOGYLearning objectivesIntroduction to histology, microscopeDifferentiate between acidophilic and basophilia.Enumerate different cell organelles and identify staining reaction of each.Illustrate shapes of different cells with exampleEnumerate different components of the cytoskeleton.Correlate the structure of different type of intercellular junctions with their functions.
- SkillsLearning objectivesFocus the prepared slide at different magnifications.Draw the labeled diagram of cells having various shapes.Define epitheliumCompare surface Epithelium with examples of each type.Classify glandular epithelium with examples of each type.Compare the ultrastructure of microvilli, stereocilia and cilia and correlate with their roles in various cellular functionsClassify glands according to their morphology, secretory products and mode of
- SkillsLearning objectivesIdentify different types of epithelia under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points for each type.Draw labelled diagrams of each type of epithelium.Compare and contrast between the histological structure of serous and mucous secreting cells.Draw labelled diagram of mucous and serous aciniDefine connective tissue and list three basic components of connective tissue.List different types of cells and fibers in the connective tissue.Compare various types of connective tissue with example of each type.Summarize a brief account of histological features of different types of connective tissue.Identify the slides of loose connective tissue, dense regular, dense irregular and adipose connective tissue under light microscope and list at least two identification points of each type.Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of loose connective tissue, dense regular, irregularDifferentiate the microscopic features skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle while correlating with their functions.Explain the histological differences of different types of muscles.Identify microscopic sections of different types of muscle under light microscope and list at least two identification points of each typeDraw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of different types of muscles.Compare microscopic structure of compact and cancellous bone.Correlate the process of bone remodeling with tooth bracing and adjustment.Identify the slides of cancellous and compact bone under light microscope and list at least two identification points of each type.Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of cancellous and compact bones.
- CellLearning objectivesIntroduction to histology, microscopeDifferentiate between acidophilic and basophilia.Enumerate different cell organelles and identify staining reaction of each.Illustrate shapes of different cells with exampleEnumerate different components of the cytoskeleton.Correlate the structure of different type of intercellular junctions with their functions.Focus the prepared slide at different magnifications.Draw the labeled diagram of cells having various shapes.
- Epithelial tissueLearning objectivesDefine epitheliumCompare surface Epithelium with examples of each type.Classify glandular epithelium with examples of each type.Compare the ultrastructure of microvilli, stereocilia and cilia and correlate with their roles in various cellular functionsClassify glands according to their morphology, secretory products and mode of secretion with examples of each typeIdentify different types of epithelia under light microscope and enlist at least two identification points for each type.Draw labelled diagrams of each type of epithelium.Compare and contrast between the histological structure of serous and mucous secreting cells.Draw labelled diagram of mucous and serous acini Connective tissueDefine connective tissue and list three basic components of connective tissue.List different types of cells and fibers in the connective tissue.Compare various types of connective tissue with example of each type.Identify histological features of different types of connective tissue under light microscope and list at least two identification points of each type.Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of loose connective tissue, dense regular, irregular and adipose connective tissue CartilageCompare the microscopic structure of hyaline, elastic and fibro- cartilagesExplain the histological differences of different types of cartilages.Identify microscopic sections of different types of cartilages under light microscope and list at least two identification points of each typeDraw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of different types of cartilages.
- BoneLearning objectivesCompare microscopic structure of compact and cancellous bone.Correlate the process of bone remodeling with tooth bracing and adjustment.Identify the slides of cancellous and compact bone under light microscope and list at least two identification points of each type.Draw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of cancellous and compact bones.
- GametogenesisLearning objectivesRevisit cell division, mitosis &meiosisDescribe the events of spermatogenesisDescribe the events of spermiogenesisDescribe the relation of ovarian cycle with maturation of follicles.Describe the stages of follicular maturation o Primary o Preantral o Secondary o Preovulatory.Describe the process of ovulation and correlate its timing with ovarian cycle.Define fertilizationState normal site of fertilizationDescribe the results of fertilizationEnlist the factors affecting fertilizationEnumerate the changes that occur in spermatozoa before fertilizationExplain the factors affecting penetration of sperm through the zona pellucida for formation of Pro-nuclei.
- Lymphoid systemLearning objectivesEnumerate different types of lymphoid cells and identify their distribution in the bodyDescribe the histological features and cells of the lymphoid systemDescribe the histological features of tonsils, thymus, lymph node and spleen.Identify histological sections of tonsils, thymus, lymph node and spleen under light microscope and list at least two identification points of each.
Anatomy9 listed topics
- ANATOMYLearning objectivesRevisit cell division, mitosis &meiosisDescribe the events of spermatogenesisDescribe the events of spermiogenesisDescribe the relation of ovarian cycle with maturation of follicles.Describe the stages of follicular maturationPrimaryPreantralSecondaryPreovulatory.Describe the process of ovulation and correlate its timing with ovarian cycle.Define fertilizationState normal site of fertilizationDescribe the results of fertilizationEnlist the factors affecting fertilizationEnumerate the changes that occur in spermatozoa before fertilizationExplain the factors affecting penetration of sperm through the zona pellucida for formation of Pro-nuclei.Appraise the implantation and its normal siteDescribe the changes in uterus at time of implantation.Explain the process of cleavageExplain the formation of morula and blastulaDescribe the formation of inner and outer cell mass within the blastocyst cavityAppraise abnormal sites for implantation (ectopic pregnancy) and its clinical significance.Discuss the formation of bilaminar embryonic disc from embryoblast.Describe early differentiation of trophoblastExplain the formation of amniotic cavityExplain the formation of chorion, secondary yolk sac and chorionic plate.Explain the establishment of uteroplacental circulation.Appraise 2nd week as week of twos.Define gastrulation (formation of three germ layers)Discuss the development, significance and fate of primitive streakDescribe the development of notochordal process, notochord canal, prechordal plate and cloacal membraneCompare the topographic arrangement and derivatives of three components of intraembryonic Mesoderm (Paraxial, Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm)Describe early development of CVS.Describe differentiation of trophoblast during third week and formation of primary,
- chorionic villiLearning objectivesEnumerate the parts of placentaExplain formation and fate of allantois.
- MuscleLearning objectivesDifferentiate the microscopic features skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle while correlating with their functions.Explain the histological differences of different types of muscles.Identify microscopic sections of different types of muscle under light microscope and list at least two identification points of each typeDraw labelled diagrams showing light microscopic structure of different types of muscles.
- Neuro-vasculature of limbsLearning objectivesOutline the formations, divisions and branches of the brachial plexusOutline the area of supply of axillary, radial, ulnar, median and sciatic nerves in terms of sensory and motor distribution.Trace the route of main arteries and veins of upper and lower limbs.Analyze the clinical importance of vessels present in the cubital fossa.Identify veins commonly used for cannulationElucidate the clinical significance of brachial and radial artery with reference to pulse and BP monitoring.Mention main arteries supplying lower limb.Define superficial and deep venous drainage of the lower limb.Define the importance of great saphenous vein in CABG.Discuss the anatomical basis of varicose veins.Define aneurysm.
- Surface markingLearning objectivesMark the following vessels on a subject Ulnar and radial artery, Cephalic and basilic veinIdentify main arteries and veins supplying the upper and lower limb on a model.Examine pulses of upper and lower limb in a subject.
- Embryonic period (3-8 wks)Learning objectivesDefine neurulation.Define process of formation of neural plate, neural tube and neural crest cells.List derivatives of:Surface ectodermNeurectodermNeural crestIntraembryonic mesoderm (paraxial, intermediate, lateral plate)EndodermDefine early differentiation of somitesDefine the development of intraembryonic coelom.Define the folding of the embryo in the median and horizontal planes and correlate it with its consequences.Corelate the relocation of connecting stalk on anterior abdominal wall and its differentiation into umbilical cord.Identify the structures related to general development on given models of general
- Identify H & E-Stained Tissues Under the Light Microscope with Identification PointsLearning objectivesand Examples.Epithelium;
- o GlandsLearning objectivesConnective Tissue o Loose Connective Tissue o Dense Connective Tissue o Reticular Connective Tissue
- o Adipose TissueLearning objectivesMuscle o Skeletal Muscle o Cardiac Muscle o Smooth MuscleCartilage o Hyaline cartilage o Elastic cartilage o Fibro cartilageLymphoid organs o Lymph Node o Thymus o Spleen o Palatine Tonsils
Physiology10 listed topics
- PHYSIOLOGYLearning objectivesRecognize the interplay of various organ systems in maintaining homeostasis.Identify the role of feedback mechanisms (positive, negative, feed forward) in maintaining 'internal milieu'.Differentiate between composition of intracellular and extra cellular fluidRevisit the structure and function of the cell and its organelles (cell Membrane, cytoplasmic organelles, nuclear membrane, nuclear organelles)Classify variousCompare and contrast modes of transport of substances across the cell-membrane with examples(osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport)Appraise basis of development of membrane potential across excitable membrane.Recognize Nernst potential and its importance in generation of membrane potential.Identify various factors/mechanisms responsible for the genesis of membrane potential (role of channels, carrier proteins, stimuli).Illustrate different phases of action potential mentioning details of ionic changes
- occurring during each phase ofLearning objectivesaction potential.Distinguish types and importance of refractory period.Differentiate between myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers based on their structure and characteristics.Tabulate macroscopic, microscopic, functional differences of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscleIllustrate neuromuscular junction, sequence of events taking place during neuromuscular transmissionExplain the physiological importance of a motor unitDescribe the ionic and chemical basis of muscle contraction.Distinguish between phases of muscle contraction in detail.Relate the pathophysiology of neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis
- HomeostasisLearning objectivesRecognize the interplay of various organ systems in maintaining homeostasis.Identify the role of feedback mechanisms (positive, negative, feed forward) in maintaining 'internal milieu'.Differentiate between composition of intracellular and extra cellular fluid Cell OrganelleRevisit the structure and function of the cell and its organelles (cell Membrane, cytoplasmic organelles, nuclear membrane, nuclear organelles)Compare and contrast modes of transport of
- Membrane Potentials and Action PotentialsLearning objectivesAppraise basis of development of membrane potential across excitable membrane.Recognize Nernst potential and its importance in generation of membrane potential.Identify various factors/mechanisms
- potential (role of channels, carrier proteins,Learning objectivesstimuli).Illustrate different phases of action potential mentioning details of ionic changes occurring during each phase of action potential.Distinguish types and importance of refractory period.Differentiate between myelinated and non- myelinated nerve fibers based on their structure and characteristics.Excitation contraction coupling and NMJTabulate macroscopic, microscopic, functional differences of smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscleIllustrate neuromuscular junction, sequence of events taking place during neuromuscular transmissionExplain the physiological importance of a motor unitDescribe the ionic and chemical basis of muscle contraction.Distinguish between phases of muscle contraction in detail.Relate the pathophysiology of neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravisExcitation and Contraction of Smooth MuscleDescribe the role of SER in smooth muscle contraction
- HemopoiesisLearning objectivesDifferentiate between various types of blood cells on the basis of their morphological and physiological characteristics.Overview sites of hemopoiesis in the body during different stages of life along with composition andFunctions of bone marrow.Identify the factors regulating erythropoiesis and maturation of RBC.Appreciate the composition of blood and general functions of blood.Explain different types of plasma proteins with their functional significance Red Blood Cells DyscrasiasRelate the morphology and physiology of different types of hemoglobinCompare and contrast different types of anemia on the basis of etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations and blood picture.Describe etiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of polycythemia.
- WBCs & ImmunityLearning objectivesRelate the morphology and physiology of different WBCs with clinical presentations of leucopenia, leukocytosis and leukemia.Appraise the clinical significance of RES reticuloendothelial system.Describe pathophysiology of inflammation and necrosisDescribe the physiological basis of vaccination.
- Hemostasis and Blood CoagulationLearning objectivesIdentify role of cells and proteins involved in the process of maintaining hemostasis.Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic regulations of blood coagulationDiscuss the etiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of thrombocytopenia,
- Blood grouping and Transfusion reactionsLearning objectivesExplain the principles of blood grouping keeping in view their physiological significance.
- PracticalsLearning objectivesStudy of MicroscopePacked Cell VolumeStudy of HemocytometerESRRBC CountWBC CountBleeding TimePlatelet CountClotting timeDLCHb EstimationBlood GroupRed cell Indices
Medical Biochemistry7 listed topics
- OutcomesLearning objectivesUnderstand the biochemical composition of cell membraneOverview of the biochemical significance of different types of membranes in:RBCsMitochondria, Nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus etcUnderstand the cell organelles with their biochemical composition, functions and associated disordersNucleusRibosomesPeroxisomesMitochondriaGolgi ApparatusEndoplasmic Reticulum LysosomesDescribe the chemistry of cell surface and intracellular receptors and related signaling mechanismElaborate the role of signal transduction in health and diseaseOverview of various membrane passive and active transport mechanisms
- EnzymesLearning objectivesIntroduction, definition and classification of EnzymesMechanism of catalysisCoenzymes, co-factors and their biomedical role in human bodyKm, Vmax-concept of Enzyme Kinetics and biomedical importanceFactors affecting enzymes activity in the human bodyEnzyme inhibitors and their classification and biomedical importanceOverview of regulation of enzyme activityOverview of Vitamins as coenzymes (B1, B2, B3, B6, biotin, pantothenic acid)Clinical Enzymology
- HemoglobinLearning objectivesChemistry and biosynthesis of hemoglobinStructure, functions and types of hemoglobinOxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin,
- oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobinLearning objectivesDegradation of heme, formation of Bile pigments, their types, transport and excretionHyperbilirubinemia and biochemical causes and differentiationJaundice and its typesHemoglobinopathies (HP-S, Thalassemia) and their biochemical causes Biochemical basis of AnemiaRole of Vit B9 & B12 in Nutritional AnemiaRole of Fe in Nutritional AnemiaRole of Vitamin C & K in bleeding disorders
- Plasma proteins and ImmunoglobulinsLearning objectivesDescribe Plasma proteins & give their clinical significanceDraw and label the Structure of ImmunoglobulinsEnumerate major types, functions & properties of Immunoglobulins
- GeneticsLearning objectivesOverview of replication, transcription & translation (not the steps)MutationsCell CycleOverview of Molecular Biology and role in treatment of diseases
- Introduction to use of Laboratory Equipment-ILearning objectivesMicro labIncubatorWater BathHot Air Oven Introduction to use of Laboratory Equipment-IICytological techniques including CentrifugeElectric Balance pH MeterPCR Safety in laboratories