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Y1B1M2 - Cell Structure & Function
Expand a subject to review the topics and learning objectives retained from the official NUMS MBBS Year I source. Reviewed Study Materials links are shown only where an exact teaching match is available.
5Subjects
34Topics
59Linked
General Anatomy1 listed topic
- IntroductionLearning objectivesDemonstrate the anatomical positionName various planes of the bodyDefine the terms of position, movement, and lateralityCorrelate microscopic structure of cytoskeleton with variation in cellular modifications General Histology CellList various cell organelles along with their functionsExplain the structure and functions of various components of cytoskeleton Epithelial tissueDefine epitheliumClassify epithelium with examples of each typeClassify Glands with examples.Define polarityDifferentiate among various epithelial cellsList the structural modifications of apical, lateral and basal domains of the cell.Classify the apical modifications according to motilityName the component of cytoskeleton contributing in each apical modificationDefine metaplasia and correlate it with its clinical importance.Classify various types of cell junctions according to functions, providing examples of each.
Embryology3 listed topics
- GametogenesisLearning objectivesExplain the sequence of events of mitosis and meiosis with the help of illustrations and models.Elucidate the morphological changes in male and female gametes during their maturationDefine the following terms in relation to
- Ovulation, Fertilization, development 1st weekLearning objectivesCorrelate the menstrual and ovarian cycles with each otherDescribe the process of ovulationDefine corpus luteum and corpus albicansDefine fertilization.Describe and illustrate the steps, and outcomes of fertilizationDescribe the basic principles behind various techniques of in vitro fertilizationDescribe the process of implantation.List the sites of abnormal implantation and describe their clinical significance.Define cleavage, morula, blastulaIdentify the various phases of development on the given model Second week of DevelopmentExplain the events of second week of development in a sequenceJustify the statement that the second week is known as “week of two’sEnumerate the sequential phases of human development during third weekDefine GastrulationDescribe the formation of notochord and the establishment of body axes.Recognize the embryological basis of sacrococcygeal teratoma, Holoprosencephaly, caudal dysgenesis, Situs inversus Skill:
- third weeks of development on the given model and diagramsLearning objectivesEnlist derivatives of Surface ectoderm, Neuroectoderm, Neural crest, Intraembryonic mesoderm (paraxial, intermediate, lateral plate), EndodermExplain somitogenesis and differentiation of somitesExplain the development of Intraembryonic coelom.Correlate the folding of the embryo in the horizontal and longitudinal planes with its consequences.Explain the processes of formation of blood vesselsDefine hemangioma and explain its embryological basisCorrelate the developmental events during the embryonic period with relevant congenital anomaliesDefine neurulation and describe process of formation of neural plate, neural tube and neural crest cells
Histology2 listed topics
- Inflammation & Immunity – Leucocytosis/ LeucopeniaLearning objectivesComprehend general concept of structure of skin, fascia, bones, muscles and joints Histology - Connective tissuesList the components of connective tissue.List various CT cells and fibersClassify connective tissueDescribe the characteristic features of each typeExplain the role of fibroblasts in wound contractionElucidate the role of macrophages in defense
- PracticalsLearning objectivesAll types of simple epitheliaAll types of stratified epitheliaGlandsLoose Connective TissueDense Connective TissueReticular Connective TissueAdipose Tissue
Physiology19 listed topics
- spermatogenesis and oogenesis: o Haploid o Diploid o EuploidLearning objectivesDescribe the parameters needed for the control of the ‘internal environment’Differentiate between the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartmentsList the typical value and normal range for plasma Na+, K+, H+(pH), HCO3-, Cl-, Ca2+, and glucose, and the typical intracellular pH and concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and HCO3-Explain Homeostasis and the factors that are regulated through homeostasisRecognize the interplay of various organ systems in maintaining homeostasisCompare and contrast positive, negative and feed forward feedback mechanisms as the control systems of the body.Narrate examples of each feedback control systemDiscuss the outcomes of failure of the feedback control system of homeostasis Cell OrganelleDiscuss the functional organization of human bodyDifferentiate membranous organelles from non- membranous organellesRestate the structure & function of nucleus, nuclear membrane, Chromatin & Chromosomes, Nucleoplasm & NucleolusCompare the structure & function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum & RERAppreciate the importance of Golgi apparatus in packaging and storage of newly formed proteinsDiscuss the structure & functions of vaultsDiscuss the synthesis, types & functions of ribosomesSummarize the structure & functions of secretory vesiclesDiscuss the physiological anatomy of mitochondria & discuss its functions in special relation to energy
- synthesisLearning objectivesCompare and contrast the functions of lysosomes & peroxisomes Cytoskeleton and cell locomotionDiscuss the structure & function of cell cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments & intermediate filaments)Recall movements of cells (amoeboid, ciliary & flagellar movements) Genetic Control of cell functionComprehend Genetic control of cell functions and cell division Cell membraneDescribe the composition of a human cell membraneDiagram its cross section, and explain how the distribution of phospholipids and proteins influences the membrane permeability of ions, hydrophilic and hydrophobic compoundsEnlist the various functions of integral and peripheral proteins in the cell membrane Transport of substances through cell membraneClassify various modes of transport of substances across the cell-membraneCompare and contrast amongst the processes of osmosis, diffusion & facilitated diffusion (transport of micro molecules)Compare and contrast the process of exocytosis & endocytosis (transport of macromolecules) Active Transport of substances through membranesExplain the process of primary active transport with examplesGive an account on the structure, working and important functions of Na+ / K+ pumpEnlist other active transport pumps present in human body e.g. sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump, and gastric H+ pumpGrasp concept of Secondary active transport.Differentiate co-transport & counter-transport with examplesDescribe how energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to transport ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and H+ against their electrochemical differences (e.g., via the Na+ / K+ pump,)
- Composition & Functions of blood Learning objectivesMake a flow sheet diagram of cellular and fluid composition and general functions of blood.
- Erythropoisis in bone marrowLearning objectivesEnlist sites of hemopoiesis in the body during different stages of life.Make a flow sheet diagram of various stages of erythrogenesis with explanation of their relevant features and sizes during different stages of differentiation of RBC’s.Enlist different growth & differentiation inducers involved in erythropoiesisIdentify the factors in regulation of erythropoiesis and maturation of RBC with relative importance of hypoxia in inducing erythropoiesis.Appreciate the role of erythropoietin in regulating RBC production.Discuss the role of vitamin B12 & folic acid in maturation of RBC
- Anemia & Polycythemia Learning objectivesClassify anemia based on their morphological findings, RBC indices & etiology.Compare and contrast different types of anemia on the basis of etiology, clinical presentations and blood picture.Explain the effect of anemia on circulatory system.Classify polycythemia into primary and secondary polycythemia and discuss its effects on circulatory system.Describe etiology, pathophysiology and clinical presentation of polycythemia
- WBC- Morphology Learning objectivesEnlist different types of white blood cells and discuss their physiological characteristics.Define the terms: leukopenia, leukocytosisNeutrophila, neutropenia, eosinophilia, eosionpenia, Basophilia & basopenia.Make a flow sheet diagram showing steps involved in leukopoiesis.Enlist the factors necessary for leukopoiesis.Describe the role and functions of white blood cells in providing protection to the body against invading organism.Demonstrate proficiency in preparing and staining blood films for the identification of white blood cell (WBC) morphology.Identify morphological features of various types of WBCs for identification.
- Innate immunity + complement system Learning objectivesDefine innate immunity.Discuss the mechanisms involved in innate immunity.Comprehend basis of innate immune system of the body and tissues related with innate immunity.Discuss the role of natural killer cells & interferons in innate immunity.Identify the specific role of interferons against virus infected cells and discuss their mechanism of action Monocyte-macrophage system Appraise the composition and functions of reticulo endothelial system.
- Line of defense against infection & phagocytosisLearning objectivesExplain the lines of defense against infection: role of neutrophils & macrophages.Discuss the role of eosinophils & basophils.
- Inflammation Learning objectivesDefine inflammation.Discuss causes, cellular features and five cardinal signs of inflammation.Explain the process of inflammation.Give an account on process of “walling-off” involved in inflammation.Describe pathophysiology of necrosis General concept of T & B lymphocytes.Active & passive immunityEnlist the types of immunity.Discuss the mechanism involved in development of immunity.Discuss the processing of T & B lymphocytes in human body.Give a brief account on lymphocyte cloning.Define immunization & enlist its types.Discuss the role of memory cells involved in the process of immunization.Compare & contrast active and passive immunity.Describe the physiological basis of vaccination.
- B-cell immunity Learning objectivesComprehend the concept of humoral immunity.Discuss the structure of antibodies.Classify antibodies.Discuss their functions.Explain the role of antibodies in B-cell immunity Mechanisms of action of antibodiesDiscuss the mechanisms through which antibodies directly attack an invading agent.Give an account on the indirect action of antibodies on invading agent through complement system.Enlist the various complement proteins and their functions.
- Allergy /Hypersensitivity Learning objectivesExplain different types of allergy.Discuss the mechanism involved in development of an allergy & hypersensitivity.Explain the role of basophils and mast cells in the release of inflammatory mediators in response to allergens reagen binding.Discuss the anti-allergic role of eosinophil.
- T-cell immunity Learning objectivesDiscuss the role of antigen presenting cells in cell- mediated immunity.Explain role of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells in T cells immunity.Discuss the role of interleukins released by helper T cells in facilitating both B & T cell immunity.Comprehend the role of CD4 & CD8 markers in identification of an invading agent.
- Autoimmunity & Transplant rejectionLearning objectivesDefine autoimmunity.Discuss the pathophysiological process involved in development of autoimmunityDiscuss the pathophysiological process involved in transplant rejection of tissues by human body.Discuss the mechanisms involved in immune tolerance.
- Blood groups Learning objectivesDescribe the principles of blood grouping and cross matching.Tabulate the various blood groups.Tabulate the genotype & phenotypes of ABO blood group system.
- significance Learning objectivesTabulate the genotype & phenotypes of Rh blood group system.Identify the need of cross matching to avoid blood group incompatibility.Discuss the pathophysiology of Erythroblastosis Fetalis, its treatment and precautions
- Hemostasis Learning objectivesDiscuss the four steps involved in blood coagulation.Discuss the morphology, development & functions of platelets in all the four steps of blood coagulation.Discuss the role of alpha & dense granules in platelet plug formation.
- Coagulation pathway Learning objectivesComprehend the physiology of clotting factors and mechanism of blood clotting.Compare & contrast intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of clotting.
- Bleeding disorder Learning objectivesDiscuss the effect of deficiency of platelets and clotting factors in hemostasis.Discuss the pathophysiology of blood dyscrasias like Vitamin K deficiency, Hemophilia and ThrombocytopeniaCompare & contrast Hemophilia with Thrombocytopenia.Recall the functioning/changes in the coagulation pathway in case of deficiency of clotting factorsCorrelate decreases in platelet count/ functional defects of platelets and bleeding diathesis (ITP)Correlate deficiencies of clotting factors VIII & IX with its varied clinical manifestations (Hemophilia)
- PracticalsLearning objectivesLab Protocols and study of microscopeStudy of Neubauer’s chamberDetermination of RBCs count using Neubauer’s chamberDetermination the Total leukocyte CountDetermination of DLCPlatelet count. (Demonstration only)Determination of Hemoglobin in the blood. (Sahli’s method)Determine Red cell indicesEstimate haematocrit (PCV) levelsEstimation of ESRDetermination of ABO & Rh blood groupsEstimate bleeding and clotting timeOsmotic fragility of RBCs
Medical Biochemistry9 listed topics
- spermatogenesis and oogenesis: o Haploid o Diploid o EuploidLearning objectivesIdentify the basic elements of biochemistry and the significance of the Human Genome ProjectElaborate various biomolecules and their roles in cellular functionDiscuss the fluid mosaic modelDiscuss the biochemical composition and functions of the components of cell membraneCompare the biochemical significance of different types of membranes, including: o RBCs o Mitochondria o Nucleus o Endoplasmic reticulum o Golgi apparatusExplain the biochemical composition and functions and marker enzymes of various cell organelles, including: o Nucleus o Ribosomes o Peroxisomes o Mitochondria o Golgi apparatus o Endoplasmic reticulum o Endosomes o LysosomesDescribe the chemistry of cell surface receptors and the associated signaling mechanismsDescribe the chemistry of intracellular receptors and the related signaling mechanismsCompare the biochemical basis of various membrane transport mechanisms, including: o GLUTs o SGLT o Carnitine shuttle o H/K ATPase pump
- Enzymes Learning objectivesClassify enzymes in the context of medical biochemistryOutline the mechanism of enzyme actionExplain the components of enzymes (apoenzyme, holoenzyme, coenzyme, cofactor, and prosthetic group and isoenzymes) and their biochemical significanceDescribe the factors that affect enzyme activityDefine the Michaelis-Menten equation and the Lineweaver-Burk plot, along with their applications in enzyme kinetics (without deriving the equations)Compare and contrast different types of enzyme inhibition, providing examples and discussing their biomedical significanceExplain the concept of regulatory enzymesExplain the biochemical role of isoenzymes in clinical enzymology and their significance in disease diagnosis and treatmentProvide an overview of the role of minerals as cofactorsGive an overview of the role of vitamins as coenzymes, focusing on B1, B2, B3, B6, biotin, and pantothenic acid
- Chromosomal AberrationsLearning objectivesList numerical and structural chromosomal disorders o Aneuploid o Triploid o Polyploid o Nondisjunction o Monosomy o Trisomy o Mosaicism o TranslocationExplain the embryological basis and clinical presentation of following syndromes:
- o Cri du chatLearning objectivesCompare & contrast apoptosis & necrosisExplain the pathophysiology of cancer and aging (General disorders), polycystic kidney disease.Recognize the cause of Kartagener syndromeApply biochemical functions of cellular biomarkers in clinical contextCorrelate associated disorders of various cell organelles:Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): o Cystic Fibrosis o Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)Lysosomes: o Gaucher Disease o Tay-Sachs DiseasePeroxisomes: o Zellweger SyndromePlasma Membrane: o Hereditary Spherocytosis o Familial HypercholesterolemiaCytoskeleton: o Duchenne Muscular DystrophyCytoplasmic Inclusions: o Parkinson's DiseaseElaborate the role of signal transduction in health and diseaseElaborate the role of membrane transport mechanisms in health and disease: o Cholera o Pertussis o Cystic FibrosisComprehend the clinical significance of Monosaccharides, disaccharides and Polysaccharides:
- HeparinLearning objectivesDiscuss PorphyriasDiscuss Hyperbilirubinemia and jaundiceOverview of Role of Iron, Vit B9 & B12 in Nutritional AnemiaOverview of role of Vitamin C & K in bleeding disorders
- Heme & Porphyrin metabolism Learning objectivesGive a brief account of chemistry of PorphyrinsElaborate Heme Biosynthesis Explain degradation of Heme, formation of bile pigments, their types, transport and excretionInterpret the significance of altered level of leucocytes
- Concept of energy in biological systemLearning objectivesDefine free energy and explain its significance in biochemical reactionsDifferentiate between free energy change (ΔG) and standard free energy change (ΔG°’)Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions with suitable biochemical examplesExplain the role of ATP as the universal energy currency of the cellDescribe how ATP couples endergonic and exergonic reactions in metabolism Electron transport chain (ETC):Describe the organization and structural components of the electron transport chainOutline the sequence of electron transfer reactions in the ETCExplain the energetics of electron flow and ATP yield per molecule of substrate oxidizedIllustrate the spatial arrangement of ETC components within the inner mitochondrial membrane Chemiosmotic Hypothesis:Explain the chemiosmotic theoryCorrelate proton gradient formation with ATP synthesis via ATP synthase Oxidative Phosphorylation:Describe the mechanism of ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylationDifferentiate between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylationDiscuss the role of ATP synthase in the conversion of electrochemical energy into chemical energyIdentify inhibitors of the ETC and describe their sites of actionIdentify uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and explain their effects on energy productionDescribe inherited defects of oxidative phosphorylation and their biochemical consequences Mitochondrial shuttles:Explain the need for shuttle systems in transferring reducing equivalents (NADH) across the mitochondrial membraneDescribe the Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P) shuttle mechanismDiscuss the energetic significance of the G3P shuttle
- PracticalsLearning objectivesIntroduction to Laboratory Safety and ProtocolsIntroduction to Laboratory GlasswareIntroduction to Laboratory Equipment:
- using centrifugation at different RPM with timeLearning objectivesCollection & preservation of clinical specimensEstimation & clinical interpretation of Serum Bilirubin