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Y2B6M11 - Maxillofacial & Special Senses
Expand a subject to review the topics and learning objectives retained from the official NUMS MBBS Year II source. Topic links will be added only in a later reviewed stage.
3Subjects
37Topics
0Linked
Anatomy26 listed topics
- Quran Kareem, Pakistan Studies, Behavioral Sciences & Research MethodologyLearning objectivesAppreciate the normas of skull from different views along with its foraminaEnlist the structures traversing the foramina of the bones of the skullIdentify important bony landmarks on the bones as viewed from lateral, superior, inferior, anterior and posterior views.Identify the bones forming the boundaries of orbit, nasal cavity, oral cavity, temporal, infratemporal fossa &pterygopalatine fossa on the given bone. (detail to be done with relevant topics)
- of the skullLearning objectivesDescribe the ramus and body of the mandible concerning its bony features and attachments.Identify the anatomical parts of the mandible along with its foramina and structures passing through itExplain the clinical presentation of different fractures of the mandible with relevant anatomical basisIdentify the bony landmarks and site of attachment of muscles
- of mandibleLearning objectivesDescribe the layers of the scalp in a sequential orderCorrelate gross features of each layer with an anatomical basis of black eye, profuse bleeding, gaping wound, spread of scalp infection and hematoma formation.Demonstrate the extent of the scalp on the given model.Identify the muscles and neurovascular structures related to scalp on prosected specimen/given models
- StrategiesLearning objectivesElucidate the cutaneous innervation of faceEnlist the group of facial muscles according to the orifices they guard.Describe the nerve supply of muscles of facial expressions.Describe the course of arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves of the face with the help of model.Describe the course and distribution of facial nerveEmphasize the relationship of facial nerve with pterygopalatine and submandibular gangliaHighlight the effects of lesion of facial nerve at different levelsDifferentiate anatomical basis of clinical presentation of UMN and LMN lesion of facial nerveCorrelate gross features of face with anatomical basis of danger area, trigeminal neuralgia, Bell’s palsy.Identify muscles of facial expressionsDemonstrate the cutaneous innervation of the face on the given modelList embryological sources of head and neck structures with special emphasis on pharyngeal apparatus.Tabulate the nerve and blood supply and derivatives of all arches, pouches, clefts and membranes.Describe the embryological basis of first arch syndrome and its relation to cardiac anomalies.Elucidate development of faceCorrelate various facial clefts with normal development.Justify the association of Neural crest cells and craniofacial defectsApply the knowledge of developmentalIdentify parts of developing head and neckIndicate the different developmental
- phenomenon of head/ neck shown in theLearning objectivesDescribe the location of major salivary glands (anatomical relations) along with opening of their ducts.Illustrate the secretomotor nerve supply of major salivary glands.Revisit boundaries of submandibular triangleDescribe the parts, relations, neurovasculature of submandibular gland.Illustrate the routes of submandibular ganglionDescribe the distribution of submandibular ganglionCorrelate the anatomy of submandibular fascial space with Ludwig’s anginaIdentify the nerves, vessels and glands in the sub mandibular regions on the given model.Describe the histomorphological features of salivary glands with regards to their secretory and ductal systemsIdentify H&E Stained slides of submandibular gland and sublingual glands and draw their labelled diagramsElucidate the surfaces, borders, shape, location, parts, relations and drainage of parotid glandList contents of parotid regionTrace the pathway of autonomic supply of parotid gland.Enumerate structures embedded in parotid gland in a sequential order.Interpret the following clinical conditions related to parotid gland: Infection (mumps) , tumor and stone of parotid gland and Frey’s SyndromeIdentify the nerves, vessels and glands in the parotid region on the given modelIdentify H&E Stained slides of parotid gland and draw their labelled diagrams
- significanceLearning objectivesRevisit the skeletal framework of bony orbit and its communicationsRelate the developmental, histological & gross anatomy of orbit & eye to its clinical significanceEnlist the contents of orbitDescribe the course and distribution of ophthalmic nerve and artery.Enumerate different components of the lacrimal apparatusDescribe the nerve supply of the Lacrimal glandDefine Horner’s SyndromeExplain the developmental anomalies of the nasolacrimal ductIdentify extraocular muscles, and neurovascular structures of eyeball on given models
- management of errors of refractionLearning objectivesDescribe the microscopic structure of sclera, cornea, uveal tract, retina and eyelidsRevisit the anatomy of the optic pathwayTabulate the attachments, nerve supply, and actions of extraocular musclesJustify the movements of extraocular muscles based on their attachmentsIdentify extraocular muscles, and neurovascular structures of the eyeball on given modelsIllustrate the course and distribution of 3, 4 and 6 CNsOutline the route and distribution of ciliary ganglion
- II)Learning objectivesOutline the floor, roof, lateral walls and vestibule of oral cavity.Describe topographic features of tongue.Tabulate the actions and nerve supply of muscles (intrinsic and extrinsic) of tongueTabulate the attachments, nerve supply, actions of muscles of soft palate.Illustrate the pathway of gag reflexDescribe the histological features of lip, with emphasis on transition in structure from cutaneous to vermillion to mucosal zone.Explain the histological features of dorsal and ventral surfaces of tongue, with particular focus on tongue papillae, their shape, location, keratinization, number and presence or absence of taste budsIdentify an H&E-stained slide of lip and tongue and draw their labeled diagrams
- significanceLearning objectivesIdentify the location, boundaries, contents and communications of temporal and infratemporal fossa on a given model and skull.Describe the course and distribution of mandibular nerve from origin to distributionTabulate the attachments, actions and nerve supply of muscles of mastication.Trace location, various routes and distribution of otic ganglionJustify role of lateral pterygoid as a peripheral heart on anatomical basis of pterygoid venous plexusElucidate importance of pterygoid venous plexus in case of intracranial spread of infection to cavernous sinus.Specify the origin and distribution of superficial temporal, First and second parts of the maxillary arterySpecify the origin and distribution of Chorda tympani till it joins the lingual nerve.Outline the type, articular surfaces, capsule, ligaments, supporting factors, movements, and nerve supply of TMJDescribe movements of TMJ regarding axes and muscles producing themCorrelate a case of dislocation and reduction of TMJ with anatomical knowledge of TMJ.Identify the nerves, vessels and muscles in temporal and infratemporal fossa on the given model.Identify the involved articular surfaces and site of attachment of muscles on the given modelDemonstrate the different movements at the temporomandibular joint on the
- given modelLearning objectivesDescribe the skeletal framework of different walls of noseDescribe the features, vascular supply, nerve supply and openings in lateral wall of noseDescribe the features, vascular supply, and nerve supply of the medial wall of the noseHighlight the significance of Little’s area in a case of epistaxisIdentify the location of pterygopalatine fossa on skullList bones forming walls of pterygopalatine fossaEnumerate its contents and communicationsDescribe the distribution of third part of maxillary artery, nerve and pterygopalatine ganglionJustify the role of pterygopalatine ganglion in hay fever/allergiesOutline the development of nose and paranasal sinusesIdentify the location of paranasal sinuses in sagittal section of skullDemonstarte the location and drainage of paranasal sinuses in skull and on radiographDemonstrate the structure of lateral wall of nose on the given modelIdentify the location of pterygopalatine fossa on skull
- clinical signficanceLearning objectivesDescribe the gross anatomical features of the auricle, external auditory meatus, and tympanic membrane.Correlate the role of first and second pharyngeal apparatus in development of ear.Describe the differentiation of otic capsule into inner ear.Correlate the anomalies of external ear with neural crest cellsIdentify the histological structure of different parts of ear, particularly the external and internal earIdentify the gross features of external ear on given modelIdentify H&E-stained slide of pinna and cochlea and draw their labelled diagrams.
- cochleaLearning objectivesDescribe the gross anatomical features, boundaries, structures and contents of middle ear cavity.Describe the structures forming the walls of middle ear cavity on the given model.Trace/ Outline the pathway and distribution of facial nerve within petrous part of temporal boneIdentify the walls of middle ear on given modelIdentify the bony and membranous parts of inner ear on modelDescribe the histological structure of sensory receptor areas of internal ear like Organ of Corti maculae acousticae and crista ampullarisIdentify the cells and spaces in cochleaIdentify the parts of bony and membranous parts of inner ear on given modelIdentify the bony and membranousDescribe the histological structure ofIdentify the cells and spaces in cochleaIdentify the parts of bony and
- Hyoid bone & Cervical vertebraeLearning objectivesExplain the gross features and attachments of the hyoid boneGive distinguishing features of each cervical vertebra.Compare the key anatomical features of each cervical vertebra.Enumerate structures passing through foraminaIdentify the types and movements of atlantoaxial and atlanto-occipital jointsOutline ligamentous attachments on cervical vertebrae.Explain the gross features andGive distinguishing features of eachEnumerate structures passing throughIdentify the types and movements ofOutline ligamentous attachments on
- Superficial FasciaLearning objectivesOutline contents of the superficial fascia of the neck (platysma, external jugular vein)Illustrate cutaneous innervation of neckOutline contents of the superficial fasciaIllustrate cutaneous innervation of neck
- Deep Cervical FasciaLearning objectivesEnumerate the layers of deep cervical fascia.Trace / Specify the attachments of investing, pre-tracheal, carotid sheath, and prevertebral layers of fascia.Enumerate the layers of deep cervicalTrace / Specify the attachments ofIdentify various modifications and neckComprehend / Describe the clinical
- Triangles of the NeckLearning objectivesTabulate the attachments, nerve supply, actions of superficial and deep muscles of neck (sternocleidomastoid, suprahyoid, infrahyoid, suboccipital, prevertebral muscles,).Identify boundaries and contents of triangles of neck on modelDescribe the origin, course and distribution of vessels and nerves of neck (cervical plexus, Ansa cervicalis, Common carotid artery, Internal jugular vein, subclavian vessels)Analyze a case of lesion of accessory glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve on anatomical basis.Describe the clinical features of torticollisTabulate the attachments, nerve supply,Identify boundaries and contents ofDescribe the origin, course andAnalyze a case of lesion of accessoryDescribe the clinical features of
- LarynxLearning objectivesDescribe laryngeal wall in detail with emphasis on cartilages, ligaments, muscles, vascular supply and nerve supply.Analyze mechanism of abduction and adduction of vocal cordsDistinguish clinical presentations of injury to external, internal and recurrent laryngeal nerves.Recognize clinical significance of piriform fossaExplain the following with reference to their anatomical basis:LaryngoscopyAspiration of foreign body from laryngopharynx
- PharynxLearning objectivesDifferentiate extent, anatomical features, vascular supply, nerve supplyDescribe laryngeal wall in detail withAnalyze mechanism of abduction andDistinguish clinical presentations ofRecognize clinical significance of piriformExplain the following with reference to
- anatomical basisLearning objectivesList muscles of pharynx with nerve supply and actionName structures passing through the spaces between muscles of pharynxTrace origin of pharyngobasilar fascia on base of skull.Correlate anatomical knowledge of pharayngobasilar fascia with patency of nasopharynxJustify role of Eustachian tube in equalizing middle ear pressure, age related obliquityDescribe anatomical route of spread of infections from nasopharynx to middle ear.Relate boundaries of tonsillar fossa and tonsillar bed with significant structures that must be protected during tonsillectomy.Define Kilian’s dehiscence SkillIdentify and locate different subdivisions and boundaries of pharynx on given model
- Lymphatic drainage of neckLearning objectivesEnumerate the groups of lymph nodes draining the neck.Describe their location and areas of drainage.Describe the formation of jugular lymph trunk.Describe the clinical importance of `lymphatic drainage of neck.
- Great Vessels of the NeckLearning objectivesDescribe the course and branches/tributaries of the respective vessels:
- Integumentary SystemLearning objectivesDescribe the development of skin, hair, nails and mammary glandDescribe the embryological basis of relevant congenital anomalies (vitiligo, ichthyoses, hemangiomas and dermatoglyphics and mammary gland anomalies)Describe the components of skin, its epithelium (including the various cells of epidermis along with their functions), nail, hair and mammary gland.Explain histological differences between thick and thin skin.Describe the various appendages of the skin.Distinguish the histological structure of mammary gland between inactive, active, and lactating phases.Identify an H&E-stained slide of thick and thin skin and mammary gland (inactive and active phases) and draw their labelled diagrams
- Cancer and tumor markersLearning objectivesEnumerate Tumor biomarkers and their biomedical role in screening, diagnosis and prognosis in various malignanciesCorrelate tumor markers in different malignanciesAppraise the genetic basis of cancerDescribe the biochemical basis and hallmarks of cancerDiscuss the biochemical features of carcinogenesisEnumerate the biochemical causes of genetic damage and genetic alterations affecting the regulation of key genesDescribe Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genesHighlight the key role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in carcinogenesisDiscuss Epigenetic mechanisms in carcinogenesisExplain the biochemical basis of tumor metastasisEffect of cancer on metabolismRelation of cancer with inflammation and obesityMeasures to prevent carcinogenesis
- Aging & free radicalsLearning objectivesOutline the essential feature of aging and genetic factors effecting agingCo-relate the effect of reactive oxygen species with cell injury and agingEnlist and explain different reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the human body and mechanism of their productionExplain the Effect of ROS on health and diseaseDescribe Mechanism of Scavenging of ROSExplain Wear and tear theories of agingHighlight Molecular repair mechanisms to combat wear and tearDetermine the Biochemical role of antioxidant (Vit E, Vit C, Glutathione, Lipoic acid, CoQ10 and NADPH)Comprehend the concept of apoptosis and necrosis in agingRejuvenation therapiesRole of vitamins in special senses - Wald’s visual cycle and vitamin AHighlight the role of telomeres in cellular aging
- XenobioticsLearning objectivesDescribe xenobioticsOutline phase 1 and phase 2 reactionsDiscuss biochemical properties of Cytochrome P450 and its functions with relevant clinical importanceDescribe the Principle of ELISA and its clinical applicationOSPEStructured viva
- Concept of energy in biological systemLearning objectivesDefine free energy and explain its significance in biochemical reactionsDifferentiate between free energy change (ΔG) and standard free energy change (ΔG°’)Distinguish between endergonic and exergonic reactions with suitable biochemical examplesExplain the role of ATP as the universal energy currency of the cellDescribe how ATP couples endergonic and exergonic reactions in metabolism Electron transport chain (ETC):Describe the organization and structural components of the electron transport chainOutline the sequence of electron transfer reactions in the ETCExplain the energetics of electron flow and ATP yield per molecule of substrate oxidizedIllustrate the spatial arrangement of ETC components within the inner mitochondrial membrane Chemiosmotic Hypothesis:Explain the chemiosmotic theoryCorrelate proton gradient formation with ATP synthesis via ATP synthase Oxidative Phosphorylation:Describe the mechanism of ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylationDifferentiate between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylationDiscuss the role of ATP synthase in the conversion of electrochemical energy into chemical energyIdentify inhibitors of the ETC and describe their sites of actionIdentify uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and explain their effects on energy productionDescribe inherited defects of oxidative phosphorylation and their biochemical consequences Mitochondrial shuttles:Explain the need for shuttle systems in transferring reducing equivalents (NADH) across the mitochondrial membraneDescribe the Glyceraldehyde-3- Phosphate (G3P) shuttle mechanismDiscuss the energetic significance of the G3P shuttle
Medical Biochemistry3 listed topics
- Anatomy Medical Medicine Biochemistry Surgery Eye, ENT Physiology
- Surgery
- Eye, ENT
Physiology8 listed topics
- significanceLearning objectivesExplain refraction and concept of convergence and divergence.Define focal length, focal point and power of lens.Differentiate between emmetropia, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia and describe their treatmentDiscuss the concept of reduced eye and depth perception.Describe physiological anatomy of retina and retinal handling of visual signalsDraw the Wald’s visual cycleJustify the role of vitamin A in night blindnessDescribe phototransduction in photoreceptorsExplain the mechanism of regulation of retinal sensitivity (light and dark adaptation).Determine the visual acuity of the subject for far and near vision.Demonstrate the field of vision of the subject.Demonstrate color vision using Ishihara chart
- management of errors of refractionLearning objectivesExplain the process of formation, circulation, and regulation of aqueous humorDescribe intraocular pressure and pathophysiology of glaucoma.
- lesionsLearning objectivesExplain the importance of visual evoked potentialsExplain the visual cortex and its functional units.Describe the mechanism of different types of eye movementsDescribe the accommodation reflex, light reflex, and their pathway.Discuss the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of eye.Discuss pathophysiology of strabismus, Horner’s syndrome and Argyll Robertson pupil.Tabulate the attachments, nerveJustify the movements of extraocularIllustrate the course and distribution ofOutline the route and distribution ofExplain the process of formation,Describe intraocular pressure andExplain the importance of visualExplain the visual cortex and itsDescribe the mechanism of differentDescribe the accommodation reflex,Discuss the effects of sympathetic andDiscuss pathophysiology of strabismus,Explain colour visionDemonstration of Reflexes of Eye (CNExamine the fundus of a given SPDemonstrate movements of the eyeRevisit the course and distribution of CN III, IV and VIJustify the peculiar position of eyeball in case of lesions of these nerves
- significanceLearning objectivesDescribe the primary sensations of tasteDescribe the mechanism of stimulation of taste buds and the transduction of different transmission of signals to the CNSDemonstrate perception of taste sensationCorrelate the normal development of tongue with its congenital anomalies (tie, macro- and micro- glossia and bifid tongue)Explain the development of palate and corelate it with palatal cleftsDifferentiate a case of UMN and LMN lesion of hypoglossal nerveCorrelate Lymphatic drainage of different parts of tongue with spread of malignancy and infection of tongueExplain the abnormalities of taste perception
- clinical signficanceLearning objectivesExplain the physiological anatomy of olfactory membraneExplain the mechanism of stimulation of olfactory cells.Identify the primary sensations of smellDescribe the transmission of signals of olfaction into the central nervous systemDiscuss the disorders of smellDemonstrate the examination of olfactory nerve
- Correlate the physiological significanceLearning objectivesof anatomical structures of the ear.Explain the mechanism of conduction of sound waves through the ear to the cochleaExplain the mechanism of conduction ofCorrelate nerve supply of external ear and tympanic membrane with clinical significance (perforation of tympanic membrane)Justify the anatomical basis of otoscopy in infants and adults.
- cochleaLearning objectivesDescribe “Impedance Matching” and its importanceDescribe the process of attenuation of soundsHighlight the importance of infection in middle ear cavity in relation to its relevant communications.
- modelLearning objectivesExplain the Place PrincipleDescribe the functions of Organ of CortiDemonstration of hearing testsExplain the mechanism ofRecall the auditory pathwayRecognize the function of cerebralExplain the process of determination ofExplain following clinical conditions – Motion sickness, Hearing loss, Meniere diseaseDescribe various hearing AbnormalitiesDiscuss the various hearing tests including auditory evoked potentials (especially in reference to menier’s disease)Interpret audiometry findings in perceptive and conductive deafnessDiscuss presentation, investigation and management of hearing loss and common hearing disordersDescribe various hearingDiscuss the various hearing testsInterpret audiometry findings inDiscuss presentation, investigation