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Y2B5M10 - Neurosciences-I & Genetics
Expand a subject to review the topics and learning objectives retained from the official NUMS MBBS Year II source. Topic links will be added only in a later reviewed stage.
3Subjects
41Topics
0Linked
Anatomy15 listed topics
- LearningLearning objectivesList the major divisions, components of the central nervous system.Summarize the histological features of neuron and neuroglia.Classify neurons according to their morphology with one example of each.Explain the histomorphological composition of peripheral nerve.Differentiate between sensory and autonomic ganglia in tabulated form.Describe the development of neural tube with reference to neurulation, vesicles, brain flexures and ventricles.Demonstrate the structure of brain and spinal cord on prosected specimens and models.Identify the normal structure of brain and spinal cord in the images of CT scan & MRIANS is not included
- systemLearning objectivesDescribe the development of skullDescribe the importance of the fontanelle of the skull in new born regarding:Changes in intracranial pressure.Closure of different fontanelleExplain the embryological basis of cranioschisis and various types of craniosynostosisDemonstrate the anatomical position of skull with special emphasis on planes of anatomical position.
- Anatomy:Learning objectivesDescribe the development of skullDescribe the importance of theExplain the embryological basis ofDemonstrate the anatomicalDescribe and demonstrate the boundaries and gross features of cranial fossae.List and demonstrate foramina along with structures passing through them in anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.Recognize and demonstrate the important sutures, fontanelle and impressions on the interior of cranial vault
- emphasis on planes of anatomicalLearning objectivesExplain the meninges of brain and spinal cord along with the reflections of dura mater in brain.Enlist paired and unpaired Dural venous sinuses along with their attachmentsDescribe the location, important relations, and communications of the cavernous sinus and enumerate structures passing through it.Describe and demonstrate theList and demonstrate foraminaRecognize and demonstrate the
- bones of skullLearning objectivesDescribe the histological features of the white and grey matter of spinal cord.Describe the development and positional changes of spinal cord.Describe the formation and developmental changes in alar and basal plates.Explain the gross appearance and the nerve cell groups in the anterior, posterior, and lateral gray columns of the spinal cordEnumerate and illustrate the arrangements of ascending and descending tracts (white matter) in spinal cord at various levels.Explain the given clinical conditions related to ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord.
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesEnumerate the derivatives of rhombencephalon and mesencephalon,Summarize the characteristic developmental events of the following:Medulla oblongataMidbrainPonsDescribe the gross appearance and internal structure of the medulla oblongata.Illustrate the cross sections of medulla oblongata at different levels.Explain the effects of raised pressure in the posterior cranial
- fossa on the structures containedLearning objectiveswithin it.Describe the gross features and internal structure of pons.Illustrate cross-section of pons at different levels showing major structures at each level.Describe the gross appearance and internal structure of the midbrain.Illustrate cross sections at the level of superior colliculus and inferior colliculus showing major structures at each level.
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesEnumerate and illustrate histological layers of cerebellar cortices and different cell types of these layers.Summarize the characteristic developmental events of CerebellumDescribe the gross features of cerebellum.List intracerebellar nuclei and types of fibers constituting white matter of cerebellum and explain their routes of entry and exit.Explain the pathways carrying afferent and efferent fibers to and from the cerebellum.Explain the histological features of cerebral cortexSummarize the characteristic developmental events of CerebrumDescribe the topographic anatomy of the diencephalon and
- demonstrate its gross features onLearning objectivesa given model.Identify main sulci and gyri of cerebral hemispheres and describe the extent of each of them.Explain the divisions of cerebral lobes on superolateral, medial, and inferior surfaces of cerebral hemispheres.Enumerate fibers making up the white matter of cerebral hemispheres and describe each of themIdentify different components of cerebrum on prosected specimenDescribe the cortical functional areas in different lobes of cerebral hemispheres.
- areas in different lobes ofLearning objectivesDescribe the general arrangement, functions and projections of reticular formation.Illustrate components of limbic system on modelDescribe the development of DiencephalonEnlist the divisions, nuclei and connections of thalamus.Enlist the nuclei of hypothalamus.Describe the hypothalamohypophyial portal system and tract
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesDescribe connections and functions of different nuclei constituting basal ganglia
- significanceLearning objectivesDescribe the anatomical organization of ventricular system of brainExplain the boundaries of each ventricle along with their choroid plexus.Explain formation, circulation and absorption of CSF.Enlist the structures forming blood brain and blood CSF barriersIdentify the features of various ventricles on models and prosected specimen.Illustrate the floor of fourth ventricleDescribe the blood supply of different parts of brain and spinal cord emphasizing on circle of WillisExplain the formation and importance of venous systemIdentify various blood vessels of brain and spinal cord on models and prosected specimen.
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesRelate the interruption of cerebral circulation to cerebral artery syndromes due to anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery occlusionCorrelate the clinical presentation of cerebrovascular accidents with the sites of lesion.
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesClassify the cranial nerves into sensory, motor and mixed nerves.Identify the nuclei and intracranial course of all cranial nerves.Explain the clinical presentationsClassify the cranial nerves intoIdentify the nuclei and
- ANATOMYLearning objectivesHistology of nerve and gangliaHistology of Spinal cordHistology of cerebellumHistology of cerebral cortex
Medical Biochemistry5 listed topics
- systemLearning objectivesDiscuss synthesis, stimulus, mechanism of action and biochemical role of neurotransmitters including:
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesAnalyze the pathophysiology of demyelinating disorders like Multiple sclerosis.Differentiate between tetnization, tetany, tetnus and treppeEnumerate ventricles and coverings of brain and spinal cord with special emphasis on intracranial hemorrhages.Justify the importance of nucleotides, their derivatives, and nucleic acids in diagnosing and treating genetic disorders, cancers, and developing anti-viral drugs and advanced gene therapy.Justify and correlate the role of different neurotransmitters in various Neurological & Immunological disorders
- Nucleotide ChemistryLearning objectivesDescribe nitrogenous bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, their types, structure, and functionsDiscuss the synthetic derivatives of purines, pyrimidines and nucleotides and their role in health and disease
- Nucleotide MetabolismLearning objectivesExplain nucleotide metabolism for understanding relevant metabolic disordersOutline the de novo synthesis of Purine, nucleotides and deoxyribonucleotidesExplain the salvage pathway of purines and pyrimidines nucleotidesDescribe the degradation of purines and pyrimidines with related diseases
- Molecular GeneticsLearning objectivesDescribe DNA structure & types of state organization of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNADescribe various types of RNA and their structureOutline Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic replication, transcription and translationExplain the Supercoiling of DNAOutline the different mechanisms of regulation of gene expression and their role in various metabolic and genetic disordersDescribe mutations, DNA Repair Mechanisms, Reverse transcription, post transcriptional modification, Post Translational Modification and various Genetic DiseasesRelate genetics and molecular medicine in health and diseaseDescribe PCR, different blotting techniques, RFLP, cloning , Probes, plasmids and their role in forensic, prenatal diagnosis and gene therapies Clinical Relevance:Analyze the role of DNA structure, types and eukaryotic DNA organization in genetic testing and therapy.Justify the importance of molecular medicine, genetics and biotechnology in diagnosing and treating genetic disorders, cancers and infectious diseases.Evaluate the importance of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes aiding in the development of antibiotics and antiviral drugs.Correlate the knowledge of mutations in diagnosing and treating genetic disorders and cancersExplain the indications, pre-requisites, principle, results and clinical significance/diagnostic applicationInterpretation of laboratory reportDemonstrate the test using specified procedure and appropriate glassware/equipmentExplain principle, method and application of phenol- chloroform DNA extraction methodExplain the procedure of visualization of DNA bands using Gel electrophoresis and Gel doc systemExplain the principle, protocol, procedure, application, advantages and types of PCRExplain different types of solutions and their applications in clinical practice (ORS, normal saline, dextrose, Ringer’s lactate, Heamaccel)
Physiology21 listed topics
- systemLearning objectivesDescribe the functions of different types of neurons and neuroglial cellsDifferentiate between various types of synapsesElucidate the electrical events during neuronal excitation and inhibition (EPSPs& IPSPs)Summarize the transmission and processing of signals in neuronal pools (summation, facilitation, convergence divergence, after discharge, synaptic delay and fatigue)Classify the various types of sensory receptors based on their structure and functionExplain the sensory stimuli and differential sensitivity of receptorsExplain the sensory transduction into nerve impulses and adaptation of receptorsClassify the nerve fibers that transmit different types of signals on the physiological basis.Relate neuropeptides and neurotransmitters with their functionsDifferentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system based on structure, receptors , neurotransmitters and functions
- emphasis on planes of anatomicalLearning objectivesExamine the cranial nerves on the SPExplain the pathophysiological basis of the clinical manifestation of different cranial nerves
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesCorrelate the congenital anomalies of skull with their embryological basisIdentify Important landmarks on SkullExplain the clinical presentations relevant to fracture of various bones of skull
- Physiology:Learning objectivesExamine the cranial nerves on theExplain the pathophysiologicalCorrelate the congenitalIdentify Important landmarks onExplain the clinical presentations
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesDescribe the clinical presentation of following clinical disorders associated with meninges and Dural venous sinuses:MeningitisEpidural hemorrhageSubdural hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhage
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesCompare and contrast the dorsal column medial leminiscal system and anterolateral pathwaysDifferentiate between different sensory tractsEnlist different types of sensations carried by their relevant sensory tractExplain the various thermal sensations, thermal receptors, and their excitation and transmission of thermal signals in the nervous systemClassify the different types of pain.Compare the perception and transmission of the different types of pain.Explain the pain suppression system in the brain and spinal cord.Describe the brain’s opiate system endorphins and enkephalinsExplain the role of proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) in motor movementsExplain dynamic and static stretch reflexDescribe the flexor reflex and the crossed extensor reflex.Explain the reciprocal inhibition and reciprocal innervation.Identify the reflexes of posture and locomotion in the spinal cord.Explain the role of primary motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area in the control of voluntary motor movements.Identify the various pathways for the transmission of signals for voluntary motor control from the motor cortex to the muscles.Explain the significance of anterior motor neurons as the lower motor neurons.Identify the role of the brain stem in controlling motor function and role in posture of the body against gravity.Explain the role of pyramidal and extrapyramidal tract in the voluntary motor movements
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesExplain the embryological basis of various types of Spina Bifida.Describe the clinical abnormalities of pain and other somatic sensationsDetermine the anatomical and pathophysiological relevance of the following clinical conditions:
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesDiscuss the functions of brainstem in regulation of various vital functions in body
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesExplain the anatomical features with relevant physiological significance of the following clinical conditions:Arnold-chiari malformationMedial medullary syndrome lateral medullary syndrome of Wallenberg.Analyze the anatomical basis/relevance of clinical presentation in case of tumors of pons, Pontine hemorrhage and Infarction of pons.Describe trauma and vascular lesions of the midbrainJustify the clinical presentation of blockage of the cerebral aqueduct with anatomical and physiological basis.
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesExplain the functional divisions and neuronal circuitry of the cerebellum.Differentiate between the vestibulo, spino and cerebro cerebellum based on their individual functions.
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesDescribe the pathophysiological basis of the clinical abnormalities of the cerebellumCorrelate the clinical presentations of cerebellar disorders with anatomical and physiological basis
- significanceLearning objectivesDescribe the various functional areas of cerebral cortexRelate the functions of specific cortical areas and association areas in the physiology of speech.Discuss the higher intellectual functions of the prefrontal areas and the various cortical association areas.Describe the functions of corpus callosum.Identify the different types of brain waves and their originExplain the effect of varying levels of cerebral activity on the frequency of the EEG.
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesDifferentiate between Grand mal, petit mal epilepsy, and focal epilepsyCorrelate the clinical presentations of lesions of internal capsule andIdentify different components ofDescribe the cortical functional
- speech disordersLearning objectivesExplain the pathophysiological disorders related to speech.Explain the pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, microscopic changes, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer's diseaseAssess higher mental functions on SP
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesDescribe the functions of thalamus.Explain the mechanisms of heat production and heat loss.Describe the regulation of body temperature and role of the hypothalamusDifferentiate between slow-wave sleep and REM SleepDescribe the basic theories of sleep and physiologic effects of sleep.Explain the changes in EEG
- at different stages of wakefulnessLearning objectivesand sleep.Explain the functions of various components of limbic system and role of hippocampus in memory.Classify memories based on type of sensory experience, time of retention, synaptic facilitation and habituationExplain the process of consolidation of memory through chemical and anatomical changes occurring at the synapse.
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesDescribe the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of various disorders of thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic systemInterpret the various abnormalities of body temperature regulation with special focus on fever.Discuss pathophysiology of various sleep disordersExplain the effects of destruction of amygdaloid complex on behavior and memoryCompare various types of amnesia including retrograde, anterograde amnesia, Alzheimer’s and dementia.
- functions of basalLearning objectivesRelate the role of basal nuclei in cognitive control of sequences of motor patterns.Explain the direct and indirect circuits of basal gangliaExplain the role of various specific neurotransmitter substances in the basal ganglia and the pathophysiological disorders related to their deficiency.
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesList hyperkinetic disorders related with various basal nuclei like chorea, hemiballismus and athetosis,Describe Parkinson disease regarding etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features and treatment
- significanceLearning objectivesDiscuss the functions of CSF.Differentiate between CSF and plasmaExplain the physiological significance of blood brain barrier.Describe the process of lumbar puncture, including sequential enumeration of the anatomical structures that a needle passes through during a spinal tap.Explain causes & varieties of Hydrocephalus
- PHYSIOLOGYLearning objectivesExamine motor system on an SPPerforms Deep tendon reflexesExamine the Cerebellar Functions on an SPExamine the autonomic nervous system on an SPExamine the Sensory system on an SPPerform superficial reflexes on an SPRecord the normal body temperatureExamine the 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 11th & 12th Cranial nerves on SP