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Y1B1M3 - Musculoskeletal System-I
Expand a subject to review the topics and learning objectives retained from the official NUMS MBBS Year I source. Reviewed Study Materials links are shown only where an exact teaching match is available.
5Subjects
25Topics
27Linked
General Anatomy2 listed topics
- Musculoskeletal System – I (MSK – I) Learning objectivesDescribe the organization of nervous system.Enumerate components of central and peripheral nervous system & describe their general featuresDescribe the origin, course, and distribution of a typical spinal nerve with the help of a diagram.Define: Dermatomes, Receptors, and effectors
- PracticalsLearning objectivesMuscle:
Histology1 listed topic
- Histology of Muscular tissue Learning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic characteristics of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth musclesTabulate the microscopic differences between three types of muscles
Gross Anatomy11 listed topics
- Bones of shoulder girdle and upper limbLearning objectivesDetermine the side of clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius ulnaIdentify important bony landmarks on these bonesLocate attachments of major muscles and ligaments attached on these bonesDiscuss the clinical implications in fractures of these bones at different sites
- Pectoral region and breastLearning objectivesComprehend the structure of breast tissueJustify the importance of fibrous septa in breast in relation to its carcinomaDescribe the blood supply and lymphatic drainage of breastJustify the clinical importance of sentinel lymph nodeTrace the possible routes of metastasis of breast cancerTabulate the attachments, nerve supply and actions of muscles attaching upper limb to thoracic wall.Describe attachments of pectoral fascia
- Scapular region Learning objectivesTabulate the attachments, nerve supply and actions of muscles attaching upper limb to vertebral columnTabulate the attachments, nerve supply and actions of muscles attaching scapula to the humerusIdentify the boundaries and contents of quadrangular and triangular spacesTrace the route and anatomical relationships of arteries and nerves present in this regionDescribe the structure of acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular jointsJustify the stability of clavicular joints in case of direct blow to clavicle and resultant fractureDescribe type, ligaments, articular surfaces, blood supply and nerve supply of shoulder jointElucidate the movements at shoulder joint with reference to axis and muscles producing themJustify the clinical presentation of shoulder joint dislocation on anatomical basisJustify the stability of the shoulder joint in spite of wide range of movements it offers by describing the factors responsibleDefine rotators cuff and list its componentsJustify the clinical presentation of rotator cuff injuries, frozen shoulder and calcific supraspinatus tendinitis based on the anatomical knowledgeIllustrate the anastomosis around shoulder joint/scapula
- AxillaLearning objectivesAppraise the shape and extent of axillaEnumerate different structures forming various walls of axilla and identify their inter-relationshipEnumerate different contents of axillaDescribe the relations and distribution of vessels of axillaDescribe the formation and name the branches of brachial plexusIllustrate the brachial plexusElucidate the drainage area of each group of axillary lymph nodesAnalyze the anatomical basis of clinical presentation in case of injury to long thoracic nerve
- Arm & ForearmLearning objectivesTabulate the attachments, nerve supply and actions of muscles of arm and forearmTrace the route and relations of the neurovascular structures of arm and forearmAnalyze the anatomical basis of clinical presentation in case of injury to various nerves of arm and forearmDescribe the type, capsule and ligaments of elbow, superior and inferior radio-ulnar jointsExplain the movements of these joints with reference to axis and muscles performing these movementsDescribe the blood supply and nerve supply of elbow jointJustify the anatomical basis of carrying angleCorrelate the anatomy of these joints with clinical presentations of their dislocationOutline the boundaries and contents of cubital fossa in a sequential orderJustify the clinical importance of blood vessels present in cubital fossaRecognize the boundaries of anatomical snuff box and bony landmarks in its floorDescribe the attachments of, and structures passing deep to flexor and extensor retinacula in a sequential orderElucidate the anatomical basis of clinical presentation of compartment syndrome of forearm, Volkmann’s ischemic contracture, rupture of various tendons and tennis elbow.Highlight the clinical significance of radial artery with reference to pulse and BP monitoring and coronary angiography HandIdentify bones of an articulated handExplain the clinical significance of injury to scaphoid and hamateElucidate the salient features of skin of palm and dorsum of hand and discuss its cutaneous innervationDescribe palmar aponeurosisEnumerate the small muscles of hand with their actions and nerve supplyDescribe the fibrous and synovial flexor sheaths of the handExplain the carpal tunnel with reference to its formation and contentsAnalyze the anatomical basis of Dupuytren’s contracture, carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger and tenosynovitis of synovial sheaths of flexor tendonsDescribe boundaries & contents of spaces of palmAnalyze the anatomical basis of palmar, Parona and pulp spaces in case of wound, resultant infections, and route of surgical drainage.Revisit the insertion of long flexor and extensor tendonsDescribe the blood supply of handTrace the pathway and distribution of radial, median, and ulnar nerves in hand and correlate with clinical presentation of their injuries
- Wrist JointLearning objectivesDescribe the type, capsule, and ligaments of wrist jointExplain the movements of wrist joint with reference to axis and muscles responsibleDescribe the blood supply and nerve supply of wrist jointCorrelate the anatomical knowledge with clinical presentation of wrist joint dislocationEnumerate the structures endangered in case of fall on outstretched hand
- Cutaneous innervation of upper limbLearning objectivesCorrelate the dermatomes with the cutaneous innervation of specific nerves in Arm & forearmIllustrate cutaneous innervation and dermatomes of upper limbIdentify the area of sensory loss in case of injury to different nerves
- Injuries to brachial plexus and its branchesLearning objectivesRevisit the formation and branches of brachial plexusIdentify the points of injury and justify peculiar positions of upper limb in cases of Klumpke paralysis & Erb-Duchenne palsy with anatomical reasoningIdentify the anatomical sites where different branches of brachial plexus are vulnerable to injury / compressionCorrelate the lesion of following nerves with respective areas of sensory and motor loss and peculiar positions of different parts of upper limb:
- Venous and lymphatic drainage of upper limbLearning objectivesRecap the veins in various parts to describe the venous drainage of upper limb as a wholeIdentify the veins commonly used for cannulationDiscuss the lymphatic drainage of upper limb in detail in correlation with infection and malignant spread
- Surface MarkingLearning objectivesTake consent from the subjectExpose the relevant part properlyMark the following structures on surface of a subject or mannequin correctly:
- o Ulnar nerveLearning objectivesCover the exposed part and thank the subject SkillsIdentify various muscular, neurovascular, and ligamentous structures of upper limb on models and prosected specimens
Physiology6 listed topics
- Neuron & SynapseLearning objectivesDefine, and identify the following regions on a diagram of a motor neuron: dendrites, axon, axon hillock, soma, and an axodendritic synapse.Classify synapses on anatomical & functional basis.Elucidate structural and functional changes taking place in nerve fibers after injury.
- RMP- Resting Membrane PotentialLearning objectivesGrasp concept of Nernst potential and its importance in generation of resting membrane potential.Comprehend different mechanisms responsible for the genesis of membrane potential (role of channels, carrier proteins).Describe the normal distribution of Na+, K+, and Cl- across the cell membrane, and using the Goldman equation, explain how the relative permeability of these ions create a resting membrane potentialExplain how the abnormal function of ion channels (channelopathies) can alter the resting membrane potential Action PotentialDefine action potential.Draw different phases of action potential and explain ionic & electrical changes occurring during each phase of action potentialDifferentiate between absolute and relative refractory periodsDiscuss the role of positive feedback mechanisms in initiation of an action potentialDistinguish the effects of hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoxia on the resting membrane potential & action potentialDiscuss the process of generation of nerve impulse and its transmission in different types of nerve fibers (myelinated and non-
- myelinated nerve fibers) with theirLearning objectivescharacteristics.Understand the concept of all or nothing principle in propagation of an action potentialExplain the concept of saltatory conductionDiscuss the properties of contiguous conductionDifferentiate between myelinated and non- myelinated nerve fibers based on their structure and characteristics Neuromuscular JunctionIllustrate neuromuscular junction, sequence of events taking place during neuromuscular transmission and factors affecting this processAppreciate the effect of acidosis and alkalosis on synaptic transmission.Explain the effect of hypocalcemia on permeability of sodium Channels.Explain the pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis.Correlate carbohydrate metabolism with energy production required for upper limb movements and physiological mechanisms of muscle contraction in health and diseaseAppraise the significance of various carbohydrates, with a detailed exploration of their biochemical pathways, and elucidate the processes of digestion, absorption, and metabolic utilization in the human body
- Skeletal muscle morphologyLearning objectivesIllustrate the physiologic anatomy of skeletal muscleExplain the structure of myosin molecule& its subunits and describe the function of the subunitsIdentify the structure of the thick and thin myofilaments and label the constituent proteinsTabulate macroscopic, microscopic, functional differences of various types of muscles Skeletal muscle contraction and relaxationAppreciate the ionic and chemical basis of muscle contraction and relaxation.Explain how the cross-bridge cycle results in shortening of the muscle.List the steps in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle, and describe the roles of the sarcolemma, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, thin filaments, and Ca++Describe the roles of ATP in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation.Explain the energy expenditure during muscle contractionAppreciate the characteristics and differences between isometric and isotonic contraction with the help of examples.Compare and contrast slow and fast muscle fibersExplain the relationship of preload, afterload and total load in the time course of an isotonic contraction.
- importance. Explain the concept ofLearning objectivesSummationTreppeSkeletal muscle toneMuscle fatigueTetanizationContracture remainderMuscle dystrophy Muscle remodeling + Rigor mortisEnlist types of muscle remodelingSummarize the effects of hypertrophy, hyperplasia & atrophy on the skeletal muscle structure and functionExplain the physiological basis of rigor mortis Smooth muscle morphology & characteristicsComprehend the types of smooth muscles.Differentiate between types of action potentials produced in different smooth muscles and appreciate the role of autonomic innervation, mechanical and humoral factors in their generationAppreciate characteristics of smooth muscles (slow cycling of myosin cross- bridge, low energy requirement to sustain contraction, latch mechanism & stress relaxation).
- Smooth muscle contraction and relaxationLearning objectivesIllustrate the sequence of events leading to smooth muscle contraction and relaxation.Give an account on the physiological anatomy of smooth muscle NMJ
Medical Biochemistry5 listed topics
- Carbohydrate ChemistryLearning objectivesClassify carbohydrates and explain their biochemical functionsDescribe the structure and functions of monosaccharides and list their various derivativesExplain the structure and functions of disaccharides and oligosaccharidesDiscuss the structure, functions, and biochemical roles of polysaccharidesProvide an overview of the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates Carbohydrate Metabolism:Describe the fundamental processes of carbohydrate metabolism and explain their importance in energy production and regulation in the bodyOutline the phase reactions of glycolysis and explain the regulation of key enzymes involved in this pathwayCompare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, highlighting their bioenergetics and biochemical significanceDescribe the HMP shunt (pentose phosphate pathway), its role in producing
- oxidative damageLearning objectivesExplain the fate of pyruvate and lactic acid in the context of metabolic pathways, including their role in energy production and the Cori cycleOutline the reactions of the citric acid cycle and describe its role in cellular respiration and ATP productionDiscuss the energetics, regulation, and significance of the citric acid cycle, focusing on its anaplerotic and amphibolic natureExplain the process of gluconeogenesis, including key bypass reactions and the regulation of this pathway in response to hormonal signalsDescribe the metabolism of fructose, galactose, and lactose, emphasizing their conversion into intermediates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesisExplain glycogen metabolism, including the processes of glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, and describe the regulation of these pathwaysWrite the reactions involved in glycogenesis and glycogenolysis and explain the biochemical importance of UDP-glucose in these processesCompare and contrast glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, focusing on their regulation and their roles in maintaining blood glucose levelsDescribe the structure and metabolism of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins, emphasizing their biological functions and importance in cellular communication and structureDefine fractures, dislocation and sprainIdentify various causes of fractures, dislocations and sprainsList different types of fractures, dislocations in upper limbIdentify effects of fractures, dislocations and sprainsList complications of fractures, dislocations in generalCorelate different fractures of upper limb with nerve & vascular injuriesIdentify common sites of dislocations/sprains in upper limbState first-aid principles of fracture/dislocations managementList common nerve injuries and their causesJustify the clinical presentations of nerve injuries by giving anatomical reasoningDescribe including thenar space and pulpEnumerate the commonly used imaging techniques used in clinical practice to study normal structure, and diagnose fractures, dislocations & sprains in upper limbExplain the basic principles of different densities on X-raysIdentify appearance of bone, cartilage, air, fluid and fat on x-raysIdentify different bones of upper limb on Ap and Lateral view of X-raysIdentify fractures and dislocations in upper limb injuries and corelate with likely important nerve and vessels damageExplain pathophysiological basis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)Explain the mechanism of recovery of muscle contraction in poliomyelitisDiscuss the clinical significance of glycolysis, including conditions such as pyruvate kinase deficiency, arsenic poisoning, and lactic acidosisDiscuss biochemical basis of Hemolytic anemia (G6PD deficiency)Explain the clinical relevance of the citric acid cycle (TCA) and its involvement in metabolic disordersDescribe the clinical significance of gluconeogenesis, focusing on disorders related to this pathwayCorrelate the metabolism of fructose, galactose and lactose with relevant metabolic disorders and enzyme deficienciesDiscuss disorders of glycogen metabolism,
- PracticalsLearning objectivesCarbohydrates Qualitative Analysis-I:
- o Molisch testLearning objectivesCarbohydrates Qualitative Analysis-II:
- o Benedict testLearning objectivesCarbohydrates Qualitative Analysis-III: