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Y1B3M7 - Neurosciences
Expand a subject to review the topics and learning objectives retained from the official NUMS BDS Year I source. Topic links will be added only in a later reviewed stage.
4Subjects
21Topics
0Linked
Embryology12 listed topics
- Foundation of NeurosciencesLearning objectivesExplain the development of spinal cord.Describe the positional changes of the cord.Explain the causes of neural tube defectsEnlist various variants of spina bifida.Explain the process of development of various variants of spina bifidaSummarize primary and secondary brain vesicles with their derivativesDiscuss birth defects associated with defective development of neural tube Anatomy of cranial cavityDescribe and demonstrate the boundaries and gross features of cranial fossae.Enlist and demonstrate foramina along with structures passing through them in anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae.Recognize and demonstrate the important sutures, fontanelle and impressions on the interior of cranial vault.
- Gross Anatomy of Spinal cordLearning objectivesExplain the gross appearance and the nerve cell
- gray columns of spinal cordLearning objectivesEnumerate and illustrate the arrangements of ascending and descending tracts (white matter) in spinal cord at various levels.Explain the given clinical conditions related to ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord, Upper and Lower motor neuron Lesions and hemisection of Spinal Cord.Trace following pathways of superficial and deep sensations indicating the location of first, second and third order neurons.Pain and temperature pathwaysLight touch and pressure pathwaysDiscriminative touch, vibratory sense and conscious muscle joint sense.Muscle joint sense pathways to the cerebellumPosterior spinocerebellar tractAnterior spinocerebellar tractTrace following pathways of voluntary movements indicating the location of first, second and third order neurons.Cortico spinal tracts, Upper & lower motor neuron lesions.
- BrainstemLearning objectivesDescribe the gross appearance and internal structure of the medulla oblongata.Illustrate the cross sections of medulla oblongata at different levels.Apply the knowledge of neuroanatomy to explain the following clinical conditions:Arnold-chiari malformationMedial medullary syndromeLateral medullary syndromeWallenberg syndromeDescribe the gross features and internal structure of pons.Illustrate cross section of pons at different levels showing major structures at each level.Analyze the anatomical structures involved in pontine hemorrhage and infarction of pons.Describe the gross appearance, internal structure of mid brain.Illustrate cross section of midbrain at the levels of superior colliculus and inferior colliculus showing major structures at each level.Justify the lesions of midbrain structures by the blockage of cerebral aqueduct.Identify the gross features of medulla, midbrain and pons on a given model.
- Cerebellum and its connectionsLearning objectivesBriefly demonstrate the gross features and phylogenetic divisions of cerebellum.List intracerebellar nuclei and types of fibers constituting white matter of cerebellum.List disturbances of voluntary movements, reflexes, ocular movements, speech, posture and gait resulting due to lesions of cerebellum.Demonstrate different parts of cerebellum on given model.
- CerebrumLearning objectivesDescribe the topographic anatomy of diencephalon and demonstrate its gross features on a given model.Enlist main sulci and gyri of cerebral hemispheres and describe the extent of each of them.Explain the divisions of cerebral lobes on superolateral, medial and inferior surfaces of cerebral hemispheres.Enumerate fibers making up the white matter of cerebral hemispheres and describe each of them (Summarize parts, relations & fibers forming Internal capsule).Mark main sulci and gyri on lobes of cerebral hemispheres.Identify commissural, projection and association fibers on brain prosected specimenDescribe and demonstrate the cortical functional areas in different lobes of cerebral hemispheres.Enumerate types of aphasia and describe the
- lesions of speech areas responsible for producingLearning objectivesaphasia.Explain the effects of lesion in the primary and secondary visual cortex.Illustrate the lateral and medial views of cerebral hemispheres showing motor and sensory areas.
- Reticular formation and limbic systemLearning objectivesOutline the general arrangement and functions of reticular formation.Enumerate components of limbic systemIdentify different components of limbic system on given model.
- Basal nucleiLearning objectivesList terminology commonly used to describe the basal nuclei.Outline Parkinson disease regarding characteristics signs and symptoms identify different components of basal ganglia on given model/specimen Cranial nervesEnumerate the cranial nerves and classify them into sensory, motor and mixed nerves.Describe the nuclei and intracranial course of all cranial nerves.Apply the knowledge of neuroanatomy to explain the clinical conditions regarding the lesions of various cranial nerves.Identify different cranial nerves on given model/specimen Thalamus, hypothalamus and their connectionsDescribe the divisions, nuclei and connections of thalamus.Summarize the connections of hypothalamus with the pituitary gland.Enlist the functions of main hypothalamic nuclei.
- cordLearning objectivesDefine meninges of brain and describe the Dural reflections in brain.Explain the meninges of spinal cordEnumerate the nerves and blood vessels supplying the meninges.Differentiate among different varieties of intracranial hemorrhages.Demonstrate the supratentorial and Infratentorial compartments of tentorium cerebelli in a prosected specimen.Define and enumerate paired and unpaired Dural venous sinuses along with their attachments.Describe the location, important relations, communications of cavernous sinus and enumerate structures passing through it.
- Ventricular system, CSF, Blood brain barriersLearning objectivesDescribe the anatomical organization of ventricular system and boundaries of third ventricle and choroidal plexus of each ventricle.Define arachnoid villous and outline the role of arachnoid villi in absorption of CSF.Outline the formation of different barriers of brain.Summarize the floor of fourth ventricle.
- Blood supply of the brain and spinal cordLearning objectivesRecognize the blood supply of different parts of brain and spinal cord.Outline the formation and importance of veins of brain.Enumerate the vessels taking part in formation of circle of Willis with its importance.Relate the interruption of cerebral circulation of cerebral artery syndromes due to anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery occlusion.Illustrate circle of Willis
Anatomy1 listed topic
- Foundation of NeurosciencesLearning objectivesAppraise general anatomy of nervous system.Nervous TissueReceptorsNerve fiberNeurogliaIdentify the parts of the nervous system contributing information of central and peripheral nervous systemDescribe the formation, course and distribution of a typical spinal nerve CNSDefine the grey matter, white matter, ganglion, nucleus and nerve.Appraise a three-dimensional appreciation of the parts of the brain and their relative positions to one anotherOutline the anatomical organization of autonomic nervous system
Physiology2 listed topics
- Sensory receptors & receptor PotentialLearning objectivesClassify the various types of sensory receptors.Explain the sensory stimuli and differential sensitivity of receptors.Explain the sensory transduction into nerve impulses.Describe the local electrical currents at nerve endings— receptor potentials, adaptation of receptorsClassify the nerve fibers that transmit different types of signals on the physiological basis.Describe the transmission of signals of different intensity in nerve tract (spatial and temporal summation) Sensory tracts and cortexIdentify the sensations carried by different sensory tractsDifferentiate between different sensory tractsDescribe the somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association areasExplain the various thermal sensations, thermal receptors and their excitation and transmission of thermal signals in the nervous system Sensation of pain & Brain analgesia systemClassify the different types of pain.Compare and contrast the perception and transmission of the different types of pain.Explain the pain suppression system in the brain and spinal cord.Describe the brain’s opiate system—endorphins and enkephalins.Describe the clinical abnormalities of pain and other somatic sensationsExplain pathophysiological significance of referred and visceral pain Motor system / Spindle / stretch reflexRelate the organization of grey and white matter in spinal cord to the pathophysiology of various spinal cord injuries.Explain the role of proprioceptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) in motor movementsExplain stretch reflexDescribe the flexor reflex and the crossed extensor reflex.Explain the reciprocal inhibition and reciprocal innervation.Identify the reflexes of posture and locomotion in the spinal cord.
- Cerebellum & Basal GangliaLearning objectivesExplain physiological anatomy of cerebellum and basal gangliaExplain significance of basal ganglia and cerebellum in motor control HypothalamusExplain functions of hypothalamic nuclei
Medical Biochemistry6 listed topics
- clinical significanceLearning objectivesFunctions and clinical significance of Catecholamines, their chemistry, synthesis and degradation, biochemical roleExplain role of Acetyl choline, Dopamine, Serotonin and Histamine, Glutamate, GABA and NOPerform superficial reflexesPerform deep tendon reflexesExamination of motor systemExamination of 1st to 6th cranial nervesExamination of 7th to 12th cranial nerves
- Carbohydrate ChemistryLearning objectivesDefinition, biochemical functions and classificationStructure, functions and clinical significance of MonosaccharidesStructure, functions and clinical significance of DisaccharidesStructure, functions and clinical significance of Oligosaccharides along with their combination with other macromoleculesStructure, functions, derivatives and clinical significance of Polysaccharides Carbohydrate Metabolism:Glycolysis (Phases and reactions of Glycolysis) & Energetics of Aerobic and Anaerobic glycolysisThe fate of PyruvateThe Citric Acid Cycle Reactions, energetics of Citric acid cycleGluconeogenesis (Important three by-pass
- reactions)Learning objectivesHMP shunt (Uses of NADPH) Clinical relevance:Hemolytic anemia (PK deficiency and G6PD deficiency)
- VitaminsLearning objectivesClassify VitaminsDiscuss Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin E and K):
- hypervitaminosisLearning objectivesDiscuss Water soluble vitamins: chemistry, biochemical functions, deficiency manifestations, daily allowances, sources and deficiency states
- Integration of MetabolismLearning objectivesExplain Biochemical functions of Insulin and glucagonDiscuss Diabetes mellitusExplain HypoglycemiaElaborate on Ketone Bodies and their biomedical significance