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Y1B3M5 - Respiratory System
Expand a subject to review the topics and learning objectives retained from the official NUMS MBBS Year I source. Reviewed Study Materials links are shown only where an exact teaching match is available.
5Subjects
17Topics
22Linked
Embryology2 listed topics
- Body Cavities, Diaphragm & Thoracic SkeletonLearning objectivesDescribe the formation of intraembryonic coelom and its divisionsCorrelate the effects of folding with relocation of different parts of intraembryonic coelomElucidate the processes involved in partitioning of intraembryonic coelom into definitive body cavitiesExplain the contribution of different developmental sources of DiaphragmCorrelate the nerve supply of diaphragm with its developmental sourcesDescribe development of ribs, vertebrae with its congenital anomalies (scoliosis, kyphosis)Correlate the anomalies of ventral body wall and diaphragm with normal developmentExplain the embryological basis of Vertebral defects (Klippel-Feil Syndrome, Spina bifida, Chordoma, variations in number of vertebrae, Hemivertebrae, Rachischisis), Rib defects (Accessory ribs, Fused ribs, Cervical rib) and Defects of sternum
- Development of the Respiratory SystemLearning objectivesDescribe the development of trachea and different stages of lung maturation.Appraise the embryological basis of various types of tracheoesophageal fistulae & justify their relationship with polyhydramnios.Analyze embryological basis and prevention of respiratory distress syndrome in a premature infantAppraise the embryological basis of immotile cilia syndrome
Histology1 listed topic
- Respiratory System Learning objectivesCorrelate the cells comprising respiratory and olfactory epithelium with their clinical significanceDifferentiate between the light microscopic structure of conducting and gas exchange portion of respiratory systemDescribe the components forming blood air barrier and the role of type-II alveolar cells in surfactant production.Relate progressive modifications of wall of respiratory tract (from trachea down to alveoli) with its functionDemonstrate the histomorphological features of the trachea, bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli by focusing the slides at various magnifications under light microscope and illustrate them with the help of hematoxylin and eosin.
Gross Anatomy2 listed topics
- Diaphragm & PleuraLearning objectivesRelate the development, structure & position of diaphragm with its functional & clinical aspects.Describe the role of diaphragm, thoraco- abdominal muscles and thoracic cage in changing the diameters of thoracic cavity and mechanics of respirationCorrelate various parts, reflections and recesses of pleura, pleural cavity, ribs and sternum with common clinical conditionsIdentify parts & list the apertures in diaphragm with their levels and structures passing through each on a model.Explain the clinical scenario related to diaphragmatic hernia and phrenic nerve lesions with anatomical reasoningJustify anatomical basis of referred shoulder tip pain in diaphragmatic irritation.Recognize signs, symptoms and radiological findings of pleural effusion, pneumothorax, empyema and hemothorax.
- LungsLearning objectivesDiscuss the gross features, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage of both lungsCorrelate bronchopulmonary segments with their position and significance.Identify the side of lung correctly by recognizing its borders, surfaces, and hilar apertures on the model and cadaveric specimenDiscuss with anatomical reasoning, the clinical presentation of bronchogenic carcinoma and lung trauma.Explain surgical aspect of various diseases of chest wall, lungs, and pleuraIdentify normal features of soft and bony tissues of thorax on chest X-rays
Physiology8 listed topics
- Respiratory Functions, Muscles & PressuresLearning objectivesDiscuss the respiratory and non-respiratory functions of respiratory system.Summarize the mechanism of cough and sneeze reflexDiscuss functions of respiratory muscles and their role in quiet and forceful respiration.Correlate various pressures acting on lungs and chest wall.Interpret the change in alveolar, intra- pleural and trans-pulmonary pressures during each phase of respiration.
- Pulmonary Compliance Learning objectivesExplain lung and chest wall compliance.Discuss the composition & role of surfactant in alveolar surface tension.Comprehend the concept of work of breathing.
- Lung Volumes & Regulation of Respiration Learning objectivesCorrelate static & dynamic lung volumes/capacities with the help of normal spirogram Chemical and neural regulation of respirationExplain different group of neurons composing respiratory center.Discuss Hering-breuer reflex.Discuss the regulation of respiration by interplay of central & peripheral chemoreceptors
- Pulmonary CirculationLearning objectivesDifferentiate between pressure in systemic and pulmonary circulation.Appraise the dynamics of fluid exchange across lung capillary membranes.Discuss safety factor in prevention of pulmonary edemaDescribe the pulmonary blood flow in three zones of lung Principles of gas exchange and gas lawsDescribe the mechanism of development of pulmonary edema and pleural effusion.
- Gas Exchange, Dead Space & Ventilation-Perfusion RatioLearning objectivesExplain concept of partial pressure gradients and their effect on gas exchangeDalton’s law and Henry’s law.Explain the basis of differences in partial pressures of alveolar and atmospheric air.Describe the renewal of alveolar air.Discuss the factors affecting gas diffusion through respiratory membrane Dead SpaceDiscuss effect of dead space on alveolar ventilationAssociate the changes in respiratory membrane in common respiratory diseases Ventilation perfusion RatioExplain ventilation perfusion ratio in light of physiological dead space and shunt in all zones of lungsComprehend the concept of respiratory quotientAssociate how ventilation perfusion ratio changes in various common respiratory diseases
- Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide Transport Learning objectivesAppraise the mechanism of oxygen transport in the arterial blood.Discuss the role of Hb in oxygen transport, keeping in view oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and how this curve shifts in various conditions.Discuss the various chemical forms in which CO2 is transported in blood.Interpret the normal CO2 dissociation curve in relevance with Haldane, Bohr effect and chloride shift.
- Abnormal Breathing, Hypoxia & Oxygen TherapyLearning objectivesIdentify and discuss different factors causing abnormal breathing patterns (irritants, brain edema, anesthesia) Hypoxia and hyperbaric oxygen therapyDiscuss various types of hypoxia, their effects and role of oxygen therapy (hyperbaric oxygen therapy).Summarize cyanosis and dyspneaDiscuss hypercapnia & its association with various forms of hypoxiaDifferentiate between obstructive & restrictive lung diseases based on spirometry
- Physiology PracticalsLearning objectivesExamine the respiratory system of the given subject (inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation)Study the spirometer and operate the instrument.Record the lung volumes and capacitiesRecord the forced expiratory Spirogram by using student’s spirometerMeasure the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and report the readingAnalyze respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis with the help of arterial blood gases (ABG) report
Medical Biochemistry4 listed topics
- Phospholipids & Respiratory Distress SyndromeLearning objectivesGive the overview of chemistry of phospholipids.Elaborate the metabolism of phospholipidsDiscuss pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome in infants.Correlate the biomedical significance of Phospholipids in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)Discuss the clinical significance of Phospholipids (Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, Niemann pick disease, role of phospholipases in poisoning)
- Hemoglobin, Myoglobin & Hemoglobinopathies Learning objectivesDescribe the structure of Hemoglobin and MyoglobinElaborate the globin gene organizationDiscuss various types of Hemoglobin and explain its functions in detailCorrelate the Oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobin and myoglobin with reference to the O2- Hb dissociation curveList various factors affecting and regulating the oxygen binding capacity of hemoglobinExplain the clinical disorders related to oxygen-Hb binding capacity (Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Cyanide poisoning and Methemoglobinemia)Explain various Hemoglobinopathies (Hb-S, Hb-C, Hb-SC and thalassemia)
- Respiratory Proteins & Lung DiseaseLearning objectivesCorrelate the chemistry & biomedical significance of respiratory proteins (Hb, Mb, alpha 1 anti-trypsin, elastin, cytochrome oxidase, IgA)Discuss pathogenesis and clinical features of obstructive lung diseases (Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema;Comprehend the concept of Cheyne-Stokes breathingDiscuss pathophysiology of sleep apnea.Elaborate the biochemical basis of emphysemaDiscuss the causes and pathophysiology of pneumonia and TBSummarize pathogenesis and clinical features of different obstructive & restrictive lung diseasesSummarize the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in different respiratory diseases
- VitaminsLearning objectivesClassify types of vitaminsDiscuss chemistry, sources, biochemical functions, metabolism and daily allowance of Water-soluble vitamins (Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C)Discuss chemistry, sources, biochemical functions, Metabolism and daily allowance of Fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamin A, D, E and K)Discuss deficiency manifestations and hypervitaminosis of Water-soluble vitaminsDiscuss deficiency manifestations and hypervitaminosis of Fat-soluble vitaminsCorrelate the biomedical effects of Vitamin A deficiency with acute respiratory Infections