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Y2B4M9 - Genitourinary System
Expand a subject to review the topics and learning objectives retained from the official NUMS MBBS Year II source. Topic links will be added only in a later reviewed stage.
3Subjects
22Topics
0Linked
Anatomy6 listed topics
- Genitourinary SystemLearning objectivesList the groups of lymph nodes draining the abdomen.Describe the terminal group of lymph nodes around abdominal aortaDescribe the gross features, coverings, surface marking, blood supply, nerve supply, & lymphatic drainage of kidneyDraw and label the relations of anterior and posterior surfaces of both kidneysDescribe location, gross features, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, & lymphatic drainage of suprarenal glandsDescribe the development of kidney with reference to the sources of different parts of uriniferous tubule, rotation and ascent of kidneysDescribe the histological features of kidney and uriniferous tubulesIdentify the histological features of kidney on a slide under microscopeExplain the histological features of juxta glomerular apparatusDescribe the histological structure of glomerular filtration barrierDifferentiate between microscopic features of PCT and DCTDescribe the gross features, relations, & course of both ureters on the model / specimen while emphasizing upon its constrictions.Describe the blood and nerve supply of ureter.Explain the anatomical basis of ureteric stone impactionDescribe the light microscopic structure of ureter (upper and lower parts) and Urinary bladderDescribe the gross features, peritoneal covering, blood supply nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of urinary bladderIdentify the anatomical routes of possible spread of bladder cancerDifferentiate between the relations of urinary bladder in models of both genders.Enumerate different parts and derivatives of urogenital sinusEnlist the sources of ureter, urinary bladder and urethraDescribe the development of urinary bladderExplain the anatomical relationship of ductus deferens with ureter with embryological reasoningIdentify the histological features of Ureter and Urinary bladder under microscopeDescribe the boundaries of true and false pelvis.Explain the bony landmarks & sites of muscular attachments on sacrumDescribe the type, articulations, ligaments & movements of joints of pelvis.Enumerate the structures forming pelvic diaphragm.Describe the origin, insertion, nerve supply & actions of muscles of pelvic walls & floorExplain the functional significance of pelvic floor in femalesDemonstrate the orientation of pelvic girdle.Demonstrate the features of bony pelvis in the given modelDemonstrate boundaries of pelvic inlet and pelvic outletCorrelate the autonomic nervous control of pelvic viscera with various clinical conditionsJustify occurrence of low back pain in sacroiliac joint diseaseAnalyze the clinical presentation of a case of injury to pelvic floor with anatomical reasoningDescribe the gross anatomy of sigmoid colon and rectumList the structures palpated in males and females while performing rectal examinationDifferentiate between the relations of urinary bladder in models of both genders.Identify the site commonly selected for suprapubic aspiration of urineDiscuss clinical importance of vasectomyExplain the gross anatomy of prostate, ovaries and fallopian tubes, uterusIllustrate sacral plexus showing its branchesList the branches of internal iliac arteryEnumerate different groups of lymph nodes of pelvis.Mark the following on the surface of given subject:Kidneys, Suprarenal glands, Ureter, Abdominal aorta, Inferior vena cavaExplain the indifferent stage of gonad development, development and descent of testis.Describe the embryological basis of cryptorchidismExplain the development of ovariesEnumerate the derivatives of mesonephric duct, paramesonephric duct and urogenital sinus in males and females.Describe the indifferent stage of genital ducts and development of genital ducts in the male and female.Describe the indifferent stage of external genitalia and development of external genitalia in the male and female.List common anomalies of the male genitalia.Describe the embryological basis of hypospadias and epispadias.Identify parts of developing genitourinary system on given models and diagrams showing different developmental phenomenaDescribe the histological features of testes and correlate the blood-testes barrier with its functions.Explain the light microscopic features of male genital ducts, accessory glands of the male reproductive systemDifferentiate and illustrate the light microscopic structure of male reproductive system; Testis, Epididymis Vas deferens, Seminal vesicle, ProstateDescribe the light microscopic features of following female reproductive organs; Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix, VaginaDifferentiate and illustrate following components of female reproductive system;
- Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix, VaginaLearning objectivesApply the knowledge of histology to explain the clinical scenarios of Immotile cilia syndrome, benign prostatic hypertrophy and carcinoma of prostateApply the knowledge of embryology to explain the following congenital anomalies:
- o Uterus arcuatusLearning objectiveso Uterus bicornis.
- o Vaginal atresiaLearning objectivesApply the knowledge of embryology to explain the basis and clinical presentation of following disorders of sexual development:
- o HermaphroditesLearning objectiveso Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.Gonadal dysgenesis
- Genitourinary SystemLearning objectivesDescribe the borders, relations & divisions of perineumExplain the boundaries of superficial and deep perineal pouches and enumerate their contents in both gendersIllustrate the cutaneous nerves of the perineum.Describe perineal body with its attachmentsDescribe the relations, internal features, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, & innervation of anal canalDescribe the boundaries, contents & recesses of ischiorectal fossaDescribe the gross features of vagina including relations, blood supply, nerve supply & supportsExplain gross features of all parts of male & female urethra, its arterial supply, venous drainage & nerve supplyApply anatomical reasoning in justifying the route of extravasation of urine in case of injury to different parts of male urethraEnlist parts of external genitalia and describe their blood and nerve supplyIdentify the various organs, impressions, ligaments, nerves, muscles, blood vessels related to renal system, pelvis and perineum on given models and specimens.Differentiate b/w anatomical features of male & female pelvis in the given modelDifferentiate between clinical presentation of internal and external hemorrhoids on anatomical basisElucidate perianal hematoma, fissure, abscess and fistulas of anal canal with anatomical basis of their occurrence and presentationJustify the possible routes of spread of ischiorectal abscess with anatomical reasoningExplain area of anesthesia, indications, & list steps of pudendal nerve blockProvide the anatomical basis of presentation of Bartholin cystApply the anatomical knowledge in analyzing a case of vaginal prolapse (cystocele and rectocele, and vaginal fistulaDefine culdocentecis and describe its diagnostic and therapeutic importanceIdentify the parts of prostate most likely to be involved in benign and malignant growths of prostateJustify the metastasis of carcinoma of prostate to vertebral column & cranial cavity on basis of venous drainageCorrelate the anatomy of female genital tract with hysterosalpingography, ligation of uterine tubes, ectopic tubal pregnancyComprehend a case of uterine prolapse on the basis of gross anatomy of uterus and its supportsDefine hysterectomy and explain the precautionary measures to be taken necessarily during this procedureIdentify the anatomical routes for spread of malignancies of uterus, cervix and ovaryExplain the role of lymphatics and lymph nodes in spread of malignancies of pelvis
Physiology5 listed topics
- Genitourinary SystemLearning objectivesExplain total body water content and its distribution in different body compartmentsCompare and contrast the ionic composition of ECF and ICFExplain the regulation of water balanceExplain the indicator dilution principle for the measurement of fluid volumes in the different body fluid compartmentsExplain the role of Starling forces in causing net filtration and absorption of fluid between vascular and interstitial compartmentsDescribe in sequence the tubular segments through which ultrafiltrate flowsDescribe the physiological anatomy of kidney (nephron, the glomerular tuft: the afferent and efferent arterioles, glomerular capillary network, mesangium, Bowman’s capsule, and the juxtaglomerular apparatus including macula densa).Distinguish between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.Describe the functions and hormones of kidneysDescribe the composition of the glomerular filtrateDiscuss the determinants of the GFRExplain the physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flowDescribe the myogenic, humoral and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms that mediate the autoregulation of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate.Identify the use of clearance methods to quantify kidney functionDescribe the estimation of GFR by inulin clearance, and plasma creatinine clearanceDiscuss PAH clearance for estimation of renal plasma flowCalculate filtration fraction, tubular reabsorption and secretion from renal clearanceDescribe reabsorption and secretion by the renal tubulesDescribe the functions and importance of renal transporters and their predominant localization along the tubules with regard to nephronExplain the mechanism of urine formation (dilution and concentration)Discuss the control of extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentration by kidneysElaborate osmo-receptor-ADH feedback systemIdentify role of thirst in controlling extracellular fluid osmolarity and sodium concentrationEnumerate requirements for excreting a concentrated urine— high ADH levels and hyperosmotic renal medullaDiscuss the countercurrent mechanism for generating a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitiumExplain the role of distal tubule and collecting ducts in excreting a concentrated urineDiscuss the role of urea for generating hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitium and in the formation of concentrated urineDescribe the countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta in preservation of hyperosmolarity of the renal medullaRevisit the regulation of blood pressure by kidneysDescribe the regulation of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate and magnesiumDiscuss the role of respiratory system in acid base balanceDiscuss the Renal Correction of acidosis— increased excretion of hydrogen ions and addition of bicarbonate ions to the extracellular fluidDiscuss the renal correction of alkalosis— decreased tubular secretion of hydrogen ions and increased excretion of bicarbonate ionsDiscuss the micturition reflex and facilitation or inhibition of micturition by the brain
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesJustify referred pain of ureteric colic with anatomical reasoningCorrelate various Urachal anomalies, exstrophy of bladder and exstrophy of cloaca with normal developmentIdentify common abnormalities of micturition such as atonic, automatic and neurogenic bladder.
- Lumbar vertebral columnLearning objectivesDescribe the fascia of posterior abdominal wallDistinguish lumbar vertebrae from cervical & thoracic vertebraeDescribe anatomical features of a typical lumbar vertebra
- MusclesLearning objectivesExplain the origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of muscles of posterior abdominal wallDescribe the fascial lining of the abdominal wallsAnalyze the anatomical basis of a case of psoas abscess and its spread
- Neuro-vasculatureLearning objectivesDescribe the extent, relations, and branches of abdominal aorta along with their distribution.Explain formation, & tributaries of inferior vena cavaIdentify the abdominal relations of inferior vena cava in the given model.Describe formation, branches and distribution of lumbar plexusDescribe the course, associated ganglia and branches of sympathetic trunk
Medical Biochemistry11 listed topics
- Genitourinary SystemLearning objectivesDiscuss medical biochemistry of water and fluid homeostasis relating to electrolyte balanceList and describe the different types of particles and solutions in relation to the significance of the selectively permeable membraneExplain the distribution and biochemical functions of waterRelate the pathophysiological basis of water balance in the body with its clinical implications (dehydration, hyper & hyponatremia, vomiting, circulatory shock and SIADH)Explain the role of Starling forces in the development/ prevention of edemaAppreciate the significance of edema safety factorDiscuss the mechanism of fluid accumulation in the potential spacesCompare and contrast the intracellular and extracellular edema
- Role of kidney in metabolismLearning objectivesRelate the metabolic role of kidney in health and diseaseInterpret RFTs
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesCorrelate following congenital anomalies with normal development: Wilm’s tumour, Horseshoe kidney, Ectopic/Accessory kidney, Poly cystic kidneys, Malrotated kidney, Agenesis of kidneyExplain surgical significance of renal fascia and separate compartment for suprarenal glandDescribe the possible routes of spread of perinephric abscessExplain the anatomical basis of typical renal colic
- Genitourinary SystemLearning objectivesExplain the effects of adding isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solution (to ECF) on ICF and ECF compartmentsExplain the importance of membrane permeability, osmosis, osmotic pressure, surface tension, and viscosity in relation to body fluidsDiscuss the biochemical regulation of plasma/ECF osmolarity
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesDiscuss disorders of urine concentrating ability (diabetes insipidus: central and nephrogenic, SIADH)Quantify renal urine concentration and dilution:
- “Free Water” and osmolar clearancesLearning objectivesIdentify and explain hazardous effects of sodium and potassium with clinical features.
- Genitourinary SystemLearning objectivesDescribe the sources, normal serum level and biochemical functions of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesiumDiscuss causes and effects of imbalance of various electrolytes
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesIdentify common electrolyte abnormalities with clinical case presentation.Correlate RFTs with clinical presentation (Oliguria/ Uraemia/ Renal Failure)Discuss the pathophysiology of Nephrotic SyndromeDescribe the principle and biochemical basis of Dialysis (artificial kidney, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis)
- Genitourinary SystemLearning objectivesDescribe Ionization of water & weak acids, bases, pH pK values, pH scale, Dissociation constant & titration curve of weak acidsDescribe application of Henderson -Hassel Balch equationExplain the mechanism of chemical and physiological buffering and homeostasis.
- Clinical RelevanceLearning objectivesCorrelate the presentation of different acid base disorders with their etiologyInterpret person’s acid base status through ABGs analysisDescribe anion gap and its clinical significance
- BIOCHEMISTRYLearning objectivesExplain the principle, results, interpretation and clinical significance/diagnostic applicationCalculate the specific gravity of urine sample using specified procedure and appropriate glassware/equipmentExplain the principle, results, interpretation and clinical significance/diagnostic applicationDemonstrate the test using specified procedure and appropriate glassware/equipmentExplain the principle, procedure, and interpretation of urine dipstick testingExplain the principle, results, interpretation and clinical significance/diagnostic applicationDemonstrate the test using specified procedure and appropriate glassware/equipmentExplain the indications, pre-requisites, principle, results and clinical significance/diagnostic applicationInterpret laboratory report