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Y2B5M8 - Endocrinology & Reproduction-I

Expand a subject to review its coded learning outcomes from the official UHS Year-2 curriculum.

10Subjects
124Topics
37Linked
Embryology (EnR-A-027 to EnR-A-035)8 listed topics
  • EnR-A-027 - Development of Thyroid glandLearning objectivesDescribe the development of Thyroid glandExplain the embryological basis of the Thyroglossal Cyst
  • EnR-A-028 - Development Of Parathyroid glandsLearning objectivesDescribe the development of para-thyroid glands
  • EnR-A-029 - Development of Thyroid, ParathyroidLearning objectivesAnatomically justify the clinical presentation of: 1.Ectopic Parathyroid 2.Aberrant Thyroid
  • EnR-A-030 - Development of Pituitary GlandLearning objectivesDescribe the development of pituitary glandDescribe the embryological basis for the congenital anomalies of pituitary development
  • EnR-A-031 - Development Of Adrenal GlandLearning objectivesDescribe the contributing factors, histogenesis and the development of adrenal glandDescribe the embryological basis for the congenital anomalies of adrenal development
  • EnR-A-032 - Adrenal GlandLearning objectivesIdentify the stages in the development of the adrenal gland
  • EnR-A-033, EnR-A-035 - Development of Reproductive system Learning objectivesEnR-A-033 Describe the indifferent gonadsList and describe the Factors influencing the differentiation of gonads Evaluate the role of the factors influencing Sex determination and differentiationDescribe the Development and descent of testisEnR-A-035 Explain the Development and descent of ovariesDescribe the anatomical basis for indifferent gonads, Klinefelter, turner syndromes & androgen insufficiencyDescribe the Formation of Genital Ducts In different stage (paramesonephric and mesonephric ducts) Development of Mammary gland.Describe related clinical anomalies.Describe the development of female genital ducts and glands, Development of uterus & Vagina.Describe related clinical anomalies: 1) Uterus Arcuatus 2) Uterus septus 3) Uterus Bicornis Bicollis 4) Uterus Bicornis Unicollis 5) Uterus Unicornis 6) Atresia of vagina 7) Double vagina 8) Imperforate hymenDescribe the development of male genital ducts and glandsDiscuss the Development of male external genitaliaDescribe the Development of female external genitaliaExplain the anatomical basis for the Associated congenital anomalies of male and female external genitalia (Hyposidiasis, Epispidiasis)Describe the development of inguinal canal and descent of testis and embryological basis for Cryptorchidism, Ectopic Testis, Congenital Inguinal Hernia, Hydrocele Klinefelter, turner syndromes & androgen insufficiencyDescribe the embryological basis for the coverings of testis
  • EnR-A-034 - TestisLearning objectivesDescribe the embryological basis and locations of undescended testes
Histology (EnR-A-036 to EnR-A-062)21 listed topics
  • EnR-A-036 - Stomach Learning objectivesDescribe the histological basis and manifestation of Gastric Carcinoid TumorsClassify the principal Enteroendocrine Cells on the basis of type, location, hormone produced and Actions
  • EnR-A-037, EnR-A-052 - Pituitary GlandLearning objectivesEnR-A-037 Describe microscopic structure of Pituitary gland.Classify pituitary gland on the basis of cell type, hormone produced and functionsExplain the histological basis and manifestation of Pituitary AdenomasEnR-A-052 Identify draw & Label the Pituitary gland under light microscope
  • EnR-A-038, EnR-A-054 - Adrenal GlandLearning objectivesEnR-A-038 Describe the light microscopic structure of Adrenal GlandExplain the histological basis and manifestation of Addison diseaseEnR-A-054 Identify draw & Label the Adrenal gland under light microscope
  • EnR-A-039 - Pancreas Learning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic structure of endocrine pancreasClassify the pancreatic islets on the basis of cell type, hormone produced and functionsExplain the histological basis and manifestation of Diabetes MellitusExplain the components and functions of neuroendocrine system
  • EnR-A-040 - Thyroid GlandLearning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic structure of Thyroid GlandDescribe the light microscopic structure of Parathyroid GlandDescribe the light microscopic structure of Pineal gland
  • EnR-A-041 - Testes Learning objectivesDescribe the light and ultramicroscopic structure of Testes, structure & function of Sertoli cells.Describe Blood testes BarrierDescribe the histological basis and manifestation of Orchitis, Cryptorchidism
  • EnR-A-042 - Epididymis Learning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic structure of Epididymis
  • EnR-A-043 - Vas deferens Learning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic structure of vas deferens
  • EnR-A-044 - Seminal Vesicle Learning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic structure of seminal vesicle
  • EnR-A-045 - Prostate gland Learning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic structure of Prostate GlandDescribe the lobes of prostate and correlate with the pathologies of prostate
  • EnR-A-046 - Ovaries Uterus Learning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic structure of ovariesDescribe the light microscopic structure of ovarian follicles in different stages of menstrual cycle.Describe the histological basis and manifestation of Polycystic Ovary SyndromeDiscuss the light microscopic structure of uterus
  • EnR-A-047 - Describe the light microscopic structure of different stages of Menstrual cycle Describe the histological basi Learning objectivesDescribe the light microscopic structure of different stages of Menstrual cycleDescribe the histological basis and manifestation of Endometriosis
  • EnR-A-048, EnR-A-059 - Fallopian Tube Learning objectivesEnR-A-048 Describe the light microscopic structure of Fallopian Tube.EnR-A-059 Identify, draw and label the fallopian tube under light microscope
  • EnR-A-049, EnR-A-060 - Cervix Learning objectivesEnR-A-049 Describe the light microscopic structure of CervixDescribe the histological basis and manifestation of Cervical CarcinomaEnR-A-060 Identify, draw and label the cervix under light microscope
  • EnR-A-050, EnR-A-061 - Vagina Learning objectivesEnR-A-050 Describe the light microscopic structure of VaginaEnR-A-061 Identify, draw and label the vagina under light microscope
  • EnR-A-051, EnR-A-062 - Mammary GlandLearning objectivesEnR-A-051 Describe light microscopic structure of mammary gland (inactive, during pregnancy, after lactation)Discuss histological basis of Breast cancerEnR-A-062 Identify, draw and label the mammary gland (different stages) under light microscope
  • EnR-A-053 - Thyroid & ParathyroidLearning objectivesIdentify draw & label the Thyroid & Parathyroid glands under light microscope
  • EnR-A-055 - Testes Epididymis Vas DeferensLearning objectivesIdentify draw & Label Testes, Epididymis & Vas deferens under the light Microscope
  • EnR-A-056 - Seminal Vesicle Prostate GlandLearning objectivesIdentify draw & label the seminal vesicle & prostate gland under light Microscope
  • EnR-A-057 - OvariesLearning objectivesIdentify, draw and label the ovaries under light microscope
  • EnR-A-058 - UterusLearning objectivesIdentify, draw and label the slide of different phases of uterus under light microscope
Gross Anatomy (EnR-A-001 to EnR-A-026)23 listed topics
  • EnR-A-001 - Diencephalon (Endocrinology)Learning objectivesDescribe the location, anatomy blood supply and functions of pituitary gland
  • EnR-A-002 - Thyroid & Parathyroid gland Learning objectivesDescribe the Thyroid, Parathyroid with their type, Relations, blood supply, and nerve supply.Explain the anatomical basis for surgical removal of the glands of neck with special emphasis on the complications that can be encounteredIdentify the Thyroid with their type, relations, blood supply, and nerve supply.
  • EnR-A-003 - TestisLearning objectivesDescribe the structure, fascia, coverings, blood and nerve supply of testis
  • EnR-A-004 - Accessory Male organsLearning objectivesDescribe the gross anatomical features and neuro- vasculature of epididymis and vas deferens, Seminal vesicles, Bulbourethral gland
  • EnR-A-005 - ProstateLearning objectivesDescribe the morphological features and neurovascular supply of prostate.Describe, Draw & Label Lobes of prostate glandCorrelate the clinical manifestations of prostate with lobes and/or zones of prostate
  • EnR-A-006 - Testis clinical conditionsLearning objectivesDescribe the anatomical basis and manifestations of the following conditions: 1) Hydrocele of spermatic cord and/or testes 2) Hematocele of testes 3) Torsion of the spermatic cord 4) Varicocele Vestigial remnants of embryonic genital ductDescribe the anatomical basis of vasectomy, & metastasis of cancer of testis and scrotum
  • EnR-A-007 - Supra-Renal GlandLearning objectivesDescribe shape, relations blood supply & nerve supply of suprarenal glandExplain the anatomical causes of Adrenal Abnormalities
  • EnR-A-008, EnR-A-011, EnR-A-014 - Pelvic GirdleLearning objectivesEnR-A-008 Define Bony Pelvis (Girdle) and describe the structures forming it.Describe the bones and salient anatomical features of Bony pelvis (girdle)EnR-A-011 Describe the anatomical basis of pelvic fractures and their consequencesDescribe the topographical anatomy of pelvic walls and its componentsDescribe the mechanics of changes occurring in pelvic ligaments and joint mobility in late pregnancyEnR-A-014 Describes injury to pelvic floor during child birth and its complications
  • EnR-A-009 - Sacroiliac- JointLearning objectivesDescribe the type, articulations and mechanics of movements {axes and planes} of the following joints: 1) Sacro-Iliac 2) Pubic Symphysis 3) Lumbosacral 4) Sacrococcygeal
  • EnR-A-010 - Bony Pelvis (Girdle)Learning objectivesList the contents of True and False Pelvis Tabulate the differences between male and female pelvisDescribe different types of pelvises Describes different diameters of pelvis and their application in obstetric practice
  • EnR-A-012 - Pelvic floorLearning objectivesDescribe the topographical anatomy of pelvic floor.Describe origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of muscle forming pelvic floor
  • EnR-A-013 - Pelvic MusclesLearning objectivesTabulate the attachments, innervations and actions of muscles forming the pelvic walls and floor
  • EnR-A-015 - Peritoneum peritoneal cavity of pelvisLearning objectivesDescribe the peritoneal reflections in the male and female pelvis
  • EnR-A-016 - SacrumLearning objectivesDescribe the gross anatomical features of Sacrum
  • EnR-A-017 - Pelvic FasciaLearning objectivesDescribe the gross anatomical features of pelvic fascia
  • EnR-A-018 - Pelvic Outlet and inletLearning objectivesDescribe the boundaries of pelvic outlet and inletEnumerate the structures passing through the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet
  • EnR-A-019 - Peritoneal Reflection in PelvisLearning objectivesTabulate the differences in peritoneal reflections in male and female pelvis
  • EnR-A-020 - Pelvic VesselsLearning objectivesDescribe the origin, course, branches and distribution of common iliac arteryDescribe the origin, course, branches and distribution of external and internal iliac arteriesDescribe the origin, course, tributaries and area of drainage of pelvic veins
  • EnR-A-021 - Pelvic Lymph NodesLearning objectivesDescribe the location, afferents and efferent of pelvic lymph nodes
  • EnR-A-022 - Pelvic Vessels & Pelvic nervesLearning objectivesTabulate the origin, course, distribution and anastomosis of arteries of the pelvisDescribe the origin, root value, course, relations, branches and distribution of Pelvic nervesDescribe the anatomical basis and clinical picture for ligation of internal iliac artery and collateral circulation in pelvisDescribe the clinical picture and anatomical basis for the injury to pelvic nerves Give anatomical justification for pelvic nerve blocks
  • EnR-A-023, EnR-A-025 - PelvisLearning objectivesEnR-A-023 Describe the morphological features of urethra (male and female) Tabulate the parts of the male urethra with their location and salient featuresDescribe the clinical picture and anatomical justification for Ureteric Caliculi, Cystocele, Suprapubic Cystotomy, Rupture of BladderDescribe the clinical picture and anatomical justification for Hypertrophy of ProstateDescribe the gross anatomical features of Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes with their relations, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainageDescribe related clinical conditions: 1) Positions of ovaries 2) Cysts of ovaries 3) Ectopic pregnancy 4) Tubal ligation 5) SalpingitisDescribe the gross anatomical features, parts, peritoneal ligaments, blood supply, nerve supply & lymphatic & clinical aspects of Uterus and VaginaDescribe related clinical conditions 1.Prolapse of uterus 2.Vaginal trauma 3. culdocentesisDescribe, identify, justify and demonstrate the supports of uterusEnR-A-025 Describe the clinical presentation and anatomical justification for: 1) Hypospadias 2) Phimosis 3) Circumcision 4) Erectile Dysfunction 5) Internal Hernias 6) Suprapubic Cystotomy 7) Rupture Of Bladder 8) Rectal Examination 9) Disposition Of Uterus
  • EnR-A-024 - PerineumLearning objectivesDescribe the gross anatomical features of Boundaries & divisions of perineum Draw and label the boundaries of perineumList the contents of perineum Tabulate the differences between the Male and female perineumDescribe the attachments of the perineal membrane and list its relationsDiscuss the formation of Superficial and Deep Perineal PouchesList the contents of Superficial and Deep Perineal Spaces Tabulate the attachments, actions and nerve supply of muscles of perineumDescribe the topographical anatomy and neuro- vasculature of Penis Tabulate the muscles forming the perineal body with their attachments and nerve supply
  • EnR-A-026 - Mammary Gland Learning objectivesDescribe the extent, structure, vascular supply, lymphatic drainage of Breast (Mammary Glands)Demonstrate palpation of breast and define its relation to the Fibrous septa in Carcinoma of BreastExplain the anatomical basis of position adopted for breast examination and mammography.
Physiology (EnR-P-001 to EnR-P-019)19 listed topics
  • EnR-P-001 - Introduction to Endocrinology Learning objectivesDefine different chemical messengers.Enlist endocrine organs and hormones of the body.Enlist the hormones on the basis of chemical nature.Discuss the feedback control of hormone secretion.Explain the up and down regulation of receptors.Enlist the location of hormone receptors.Explain the mechanism of intracellular signaling after hormone receptor activation.Name the hormones that use enzyme-linked hormone receptors signaling.Explain the mechanism of enzyme linked receptors.Enlist second messenger mechanisms for mediating intracellular hormonal functions.Define second messenger system.Explain the adenylyl cyclase– cAMP Second Messenger System.Enumerate the hormones that use the adenylyl cyclase– cAMP Second Messenger System.Explain The cell membrane phospholipid second messenger System.Enumerate the hormones that use cell membrane phospholipid second messenger system.Explain the mechanism of calcium Calmodulin system.
  • EnR-P-002 - Hypothalamus / Pituitary Gland Learning objectivesName the hormones/ factors of hypothalamus.Name the hormones of anterior pituitary.Name the hormones of posterior pituitary.Describe the functional relationship between hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary gland.Explain the significance of hypothalamic- hypophysial portal circulation.Explain the hypothalamic pituitary tract.Explain the mechanism of action of growth hormone.Explain the actions of Growth hormone on Carbohydrate.Discuss the actions of Growth hormone on protein metabolism.Describe the actions of Growth hormone on fat metabolism.Explain the effect of growth hormone on skeletal growth and age.Explain the significance of somatomedins in mediating the actions of growth hormone.Describe the regulation of Growth Hormone.Describe the causes and features and treatment of panhypopituitarism in adults and childhood.Define Sheehan’s syndrome.Enlist the types of dwarfism according to cause.Explain the pathophysiology and features of gigantism and acromegaly.Explain the mechanism of action of antidiuretic hormone.Discuss the actions of antidiuretic hormone.Regulation of antidiuretic hormone production.Elaborate the mechanism of action of oxytocin.Discuss the actions of oxytocin.
  • EnR-P-003 - Thyroid gland Learning objectivesDiscuss the transport of thyroid hormoneDiscuss the mechanism of action of thyroid hormoneExplain the actions of thyroid hormone on carbohydrate metabolismDiscuss the actions of thyroid hormone on protein metabolismExplain the actions of thyroid hormones on fat metabolismExplain the non-metabolic functions of thyroid hormoneExplain the regulation of thyroid hormoneEnumerate antithyroid substances and explain their mechanism of actionEnumerate the causes of hyperthyroidismExplain the features, pathophysiology and treatment of thyrotoxicosis/ grave’s diseaseExplain the thyroid function test to investigate hypo and hyperthyroidism Enlist the causes of hypothyroidism.Explain the signs and symptoms of hypothyroid patient.Explain the pathophysiology of Hashimoto hypothyroidismDiscuss the features and pathophysiology and treatment of myxedemaExplain the pathophysiology and features of endemic colloid goiterDiscuss the pathophysiology and features of nontoxic colloid goiter Enlist the causes of cretinismDiscuss the features and pathophysiology of cretinism
  • EnR-P-004 - Adreno cortical hormones Learning objectivesName the hormones of adrenal cortex.Explain the physiological anatomy of adrenal cortex.Explain the cellular mechanism of Aldosterone action.Explain the effects of mineralocorticoid hormone.Discuss the regulation of aldosterone secretion.Discuss the metabolic and non-metabolic functions of cortisolExplain the interconversion of active cortisol and inactive cortisone by the 2, 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoform.Explain the mechanism for regulation of glucocorticoid secretion by hypothalamus and pituitaryName adrenal androgens and enlist the functions of adrenal androgens.Discuss the causes, features, pathophysiology and treatment of hypoadrenalism (Addison’s disease).Enlist the causes of hyperadrenalism.Explain the features, pathophysiology and treatment of Cushing’s syndrome.Differentiate between Cushing’s syndrome and Cushing’s diseaseExplain the clinical importance of dexamethasone suppression test to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome.Discuss the features, pathophysiology and treatment of Conn’s syndrome.Enlist the cause, features and pathophysiology of congenital adrenal hyperplasia/ Androgenital syndrome.
  • EnR-P-005 - Pancreatic hormones Learning objectivesEnumerate the types of pancreatic cells with their hormones.Explain the mechanism of action of insulin.Discuss the synthesis and mechanism of release of insulin.Explain the effects of insulin on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism.Enlist the actions of insulin on liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.Enlist the factors and conditions that increase or decrease insulin secretion.Explain the role of insulin (and other hormones) in “switching” between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.Discuss the effects of glucagon on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.Explain the factors that regulate the secretion of glucagon.Explain the 24-hour regulation of glucose.Discuss the importance of blood glucose regulation.Explain the actions of somatostatin.
  • EnR-P-006 - Abnormalities of Glucose regulation Learning objectivesEnlist the types of diabetes mellitusExplain the causes of Type I and type II diabetes mellitusDiscuss the features and pathophysiology of diabetes mellitusExplain the role of insulin resistance, obesity and metabolic syndrome in developing type II diabetes mellitusExplain how to diagnose the diabetes mellitusExplain the treatment of type I and type II diabetes mellitusExplain the features, cause of insulinoma
  • EnR-P-007 - Parathyroid hormones Learning objectivesDiscuss the physiological anatomy of parathyroid glandExplain the rapid and slow mechanism of resorption of bone by parathyroid hormoneDiscuss the actions of parathyroidExplain the control of parathyroid secretion by calcium ion concentration
  • EnR-P-008 - Regulation of calcium in body Learning objectivesDiscuss the effects of Vitamin D Discuss the effects of calcitonin on calciumDiscuss the regulation of calcium (the first & second line of defense)Explain the causes and features of hypoparathyroidismExplain the causes and the features of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidismEnumerate the causes and features of osteoporosis
  • EnR-P-009 - Adreno medullary hormonesLearning objectivesEnlist the functions of adrenal medullary hormones and explain pheochromocytoma
  • EnR-P-010 - Spermatogene sis Capacitation & Acrosome reaction Learning objectivesDescribe the hormonal factors that affect spermatogenesisExplain the maturation and storage of sperm in epididymisDiscuss the structure and physiology of a mature spermDescribe the composition of semenDiscuss the functions of prostate & seminal vesicles in the formation of semenExplain the phenomenon of capacitation and its significanceDescribe the acrosome Reaction and its significanceDiscuss the role of pineal gland in reproduction
  • EnR-P-011 - Testosterone Learning objectivesDiscuss the site of secretion of testosteroneName the active form of testosteroneExplain the production of estrogen in malesDescribe the basic intracellular mechanism of action of testosteroneExplain the functions of testosterone in intrauterine life and after birthDiscuss the regulation of male sexual functions by hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
  • EnR-P-012 - Menstrual cycleLearning objectivesEnumerate and explain the phases of ovarian cycle along with the hormonal changesExplain the postulated mechanism of ovulationExplain the formation and involution of Corpus luteum Endometrial cycleExplain the structural and hormonal changes of endometrial cycleExplain the regulation of female monthly cycleDiscuss the role of progesterone on female sexual organs
  • EnR-P-013 - Female sexual hormones Learning objectivesEnumerate the ovarian hormonesDiscuss the synthesis of estrogen and progesteroneDescribe the interaction of follicular theca and granulosa cells for production of estrogens with the help of a diagramExplain the functions of the estrogens on different organsDiscuss the role of progesterone on female sexual organs
  • EnR-P-014 - Puberty, menarche & menopause Learning objectivesExplain the physiological basis of puberty, menarcheDefine menopauseExplain the cause of menopauseDiscuss the physiological changes in the function of the body at the time of menopause
  • EnR-P-015 - Normal PregnancyLearning objectivesExplain the non-hormonal functions of placentaExplain the hormonal factors in pregnancy/ hormones of placentaExplain the changes in non- placental hormones during pregnancy Response of the mother’s body to pregnancyExplain the mechanical and hormonal factors that increase uterine contractility during parturition
  • EnR-P-016 - LactationLearning objectivesExplain the physiology of lactationDiscuss the actions of prolactin Justify the suppression of ejection of milk during pregnancyDiscuss the physiological basis of suppression of the female ovarian cycles in nursing mothers for many months after delivery
  • EnR-P-017 - Neonatal Physiology Learning objectivesDescribe the circulatory & respiratory changes at birth
  • EnR-P-018 - Pregnancy testLearning objectivesPerform Pregnancy test (urine+Blood)Interpret BetaHCG values to diagnose a normal pregnancy
  • EnR-P-019 - ThyroidLearning objectivesDiagram/flow chart showing the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism./hyperthyroidism
Biochemistry (EnR-B-001 to EnR-B-033)33 listed topics
  • EnR-B-001 - Signal TransductionLearning objectivesDescribe the features of Signal transductionDescribe different types of receptors
  • EnR-B-002 - Classification of hormonesLearning objectivesDiscuss the classification of hormones
  • EnR-B-003 - Second messengersLearning objectivesDescribe different types of second messengersDifferentiate the G protein and non-G protein mediated pathways of signal transductionDiscuss the hormones which act through: Cyclic AMP (Adenosine monophosphate)Discuss the hormones which act through: Cyclic GMP (guanosine monophosphate)Discuss the hormones which act through calcium phosphoinositolDescribe the Receptor tyrosine kinase pathway of signal transductionExplain the Serine threonine kinase pathway of signal transductionDiscuss the Nuclear Receptor mediated pathway of signal transductionDescribe the Receptor coupled to Jak Stat pathway of signal transductionExplain the control and negative feedback mechanism of hormone regulationDiscuss the biosynthesis, secretion, mechanism of action and metabolic functions of Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, thyroid and growth hormone with special reference to carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolismInterpret disorders of hormones on the basis of sign, symptoms and given data
  • EnR-B-004 - Synthesis of HormonesLearning objectivesExplain the synthesis, secretion, transport and clearance of steroid and protein hormones.
  • EnR-B-005 - Synthesis of ACTH & adrenocorticalLearning objectivesEnlist the steps in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormone.Explain the synthesis and secretion of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) in association with melanocyte-stimulating hormone, lipotropin, and endorphin.
  • EnR-B-006 - Synthesis of testosterone, progesterone and estrogenLearning objectivesExplain the structure, biosynthesis, secretion, transport, regulation, catabolism, mechanism of action and biochemical role of testosterone, progesterone and estrogen
  • EnR-B-007 - Steroid in infertilityLearning objectivesDiscuss the role of steroid hormones in oral contraception, Infertility
  • EnR-B-008 - Nomenclature of geneticsLearning objectivesDefine the following terms: chromosome, allele (dominant and recessive), gene, locus, heterozygote, homozygote, hemizygous, autosome, genotype, phenotype, haploid and diploid number of chromosomes, aneuploidy, proband, proposita, pedigree, propositus, penetrance, codominance and polygenic
  • EnR-B-009 - GenesLearning objectivesDiscuss the structures of genes, how they are organized and regulated.
  • EnR-B-010 - Mendelian lawsLearning objectivesDescribe Mendelian Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment.
  • EnR-B-011 - Patterns of inheritanceLearning objectivesDescribe the patterns of inheritance characteristic of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X- linked dominant, X-linked recessive and mitochondrial traits.
  • EnR-B-012 - PedigreesLearning objectivesInterpret genetic symbols as they appear in pedigrees.
  • EnR-B-013 - Mode of inheritanceLearning objectivesAnalyze pedigree to determine the mode of inheritance of following traits: 1) X-linked recessive (Duchenne Muscular dystrophy) 2) X-linked dominant (Rickets) 3) Autosomal recessive (Xeroderma Pigmentosum) 4) Autosomal dominant (Huntington’s Disease)) Mitochondrial disorder (Mitochondrial diabetes)
  • EnR-B-014 - Chromosomal abnormalitiesLearning objectivesDiscuss different structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities.
  • EnR-B-015 - KaryotypesLearning objectivesInterpret the normal human karyotype in terms of number and structure of chromosomes.
  • EnR-B-016 - MutationsLearning objectivesDescribe the effect of the following chromosomal mutations on a segment of DNA: point mutation, frameshift mutation, deletion, insertion, inversion, Robertsonian Translocation and mosaicism.
  • EnR-B-017 - Central dogmaLearning objectivesDiscuss the concept of central dogma from gene to protein
  • EnR-B-018 - Prokaryotic DNA replicationLearning objectivesDescribe in detail all the steps in prokaryotic DNA replication with emphasis on: Different proteins required, Primers, DNA polymerase; their different components and functions, Initiation, elongation and termination of replication, Topoisomerases
  • EnR-B-019 - Eukaryotic DNA replicationLearning objectivesDescribe in detail all the steps in Eukaryotic DNA replication with emphasis on differences between Pro- and Eukaryotes
  • EnR-B-020 - Telomeres and TelomeraseLearning objectivesDiscuss telomeres and Telomerase and their clinical significance
  • EnR-B-021 - DNA RepairLearning objectivesDescribe DNA repair, mutation and cancersInterpret Xeroderma pigmentosa on basis of sign /symptoms and data
  • EnR-B-022 - Transcription in prokaryotesLearning objectivesExplain the transcription in prokaryotes focusing on the following key points; RNA polymerase, its components and functions, Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription.
  • EnR-B-023 - Transcription in EukaryotesLearning objectivesIllustrate the transcription in eukaryotes focusing on the differences between pro- and eukaryotic replication
  • EnR-B-024 - post transcriptiona l modificationsLearning objectivesDiscuss post transcriptional modifications
  • EnR-B-025 - Wobble hypothesisLearning objectivesDescribe the role of Wobble hypothesis in codon recognition by tRNA
  • EnR-B-026 - TranslationLearning objectivesInterpret the translation focusing on the following key points: Initiation, elongation and termination
  • EnR-B-027 - Post- translational modificationLearning objectivesDescribe Post-translational modification of proteinsIllustrate RNA dependent synthesis of RNA and DNA
  • EnR-B-028 - Gene ExpressionLearning objectivesDiscuss the gene expression especially Lac operon and Tryptophan operonDiscuss the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression with special emphasis on iron metabolism and RNA interference
  • EnR-B-029 - TechniquesLearning objectivesDiscuss the following Recombinant DNA techniques with reference to their principles, procedures and application: 1) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) 2) RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) 3) Cloning 4) Human Genome Project 5) Blotting Techniques 6) DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) sequencing
  • EnR-B-030 - DNALearning objectivesDemonstrate DNA extraction
  • EnR-B-031 - ElectrophoresisLearning objectivesDemonstrate Gel Electrophoresis
  • EnR-B-032 - PCRLearning objectivesDemonstrate PCR
  • EnR-B-033 - ELISALearning objectivesDemonstrate ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) to measure concentration of hormones
Pharmacology & Therapeutics (EnR-Ph-001 to EnR-Ph-002)2 listed topics
  • EnR-Ph-001 - Hypothalamic and Pituitary hormonesLearning objectivesClassify drugs that mimic or inhibit hypothalamic and pituitary hormones.Explain their mechanism of action.Enumerate their clinical uses and potential adverse effects.
  • EnR-Ph-002 - Gonadal HormonesLearning objectivesClassify drugs that mimic or inhibit gonadal hormones and explain their mechanism of action.Enumerate their clinical uses and potential adverse effects.
Pathology (EnR-Pa-001 to EnR-Pa-013)13 listed topics
  • EnR-Pa-001 - Pathology of Anterior Pituitary GlandLearning objectivesEnumerate clinical manifestations along with hormone levels of anterior pituitary Classification of pituitary adenomas
  • EnR-Pa-002 - Pathology of Posterior Pituitary GlandLearning objectivesEnumerate and describe posterior pituitary syndromes (inappropriate ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) secretion, diabetes insipidus)
  • EnR-Pa-003 - ThyroiditisLearning objectivesDefine thyroiditisDescribe salient morphological features of clinically significant subtypes of thyroiditis: i.Hashimoto Thyroiditis ii.Granulomatous Thyroiditis
  • EnR-Pa-004 - Grave’s DiseaseLearning objectivesDescribe the pathogenesis & salient morphological features of Grave’s DiseaseDescribe the pathogenesis & salient morphological features of Diffuse and Multinodular goiter
  • EnR-Pa-005 - Pathology of Thyroid GlandLearning objectivesEnumerate causes of hypo and hyperthyroidism along with levels of thyroid hormones
  • EnR-Pa-006 - Pathology of Parathyroid GlandLearning objectivesEnumerate causes of hypercalcemia, hyper and hypoparathyroidismDescribe the histopathological features of parathyroid hyperplasia and adenoma
  • EnR-Pa-007 - Pathology of Endocrine Pancreas Gland Learning objectivesGive etiological Classification of DM (Diabetes Mellitus) Give differentiating features of DM-I and DM-II on the basis of pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and complications
  • EnR-Pa-008 - Pathology of Adrenal GlandLearning objectivesEnumerate causes of Cushing syndrome with lab investigations Enlist causes and clinical features of adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison disease)
  • EnR-Pa-009 - BreastLearning objectivesDescribe the morphological features of inflammatory disorders of breast.
  • EnR-Pa-010 - Female Reproductive PathologyLearning objectivesEnumerate the infectious agents that cause the lower genital tract infections and PIDs along with lab investigationsEnumerate causes of infertility in females along with hormonal investigations Enlist causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding with histopathological featuresDiscuss pathophysiology and lab diagnosis of eclampsia and preeclampsia Enlist sites of abnormal placental implantations (ectopic pregnancy)
  • EnR-Pa-011 - Male Reproductive PathologyLearning objectivesEnumerate causes of inflammation of male genital tract Enlist causes of male infertility with semen analysisDescribe pathological features of testicular torsion
  • EnR-Pa-012 - Pituitary adenomoasLearning objectivesIdentify the salient microscopic features of pituitary adenomas.
  • EnR-Pa-013 - Thyroid DisordersLearning objectivesIdentify the salient gross and microscopic features of Multinodular goiterIdentify the salient gross and microscopic features of Diffuse & Multinodular GoiterIdentify the salient microscopic features of
Community Medicine & Public Health (EnR-CM-001 to EnR-CM-003)3 listed topics
  • EnR-CM-001 - DiabetesLearning objectivesDefine Diabetes Mellitus according to WHO (World Health Organization) criteriaClassify types of Diabetes MellitusDescribe epidemiological risk factors for Diabetes Epidemiological distribution & statistics of DM Screening of community for DiabetesApply levels of prevention for control of Diabetes.
  • EnR-CM-002 - GeneticsLearning objectivesClassify types of genetic disorders common in community.Describe health promotional measures to control genetic diseases.Describe screening programs for community to prevent genetic disorders.Apply levels of preventive and social measures for control of genetic abnormalities.
  • EnR-CM-003 - Reproductive healthLearning objectivesDefine women health and life cycle approach for health- related events.Highlight statistics related to human reproductive health issues.Enumerate health related problems across a woman’s reproductive lifetime.Explain the components of reproductive health.
Behavioural Sciences (EnR-BhS-001 to EnR-BhS-001)1 listed topic
  • EnR-BhS-001 - Sexual difficulties and Medical PracticesLearning objectivesDiscuss common sexual dysfunctions and their prevalence, with emphasis on culture bound syndromes.Identify the various biological, psychological, and relational factors that can contribute to sexual difficulties.Discuss barriers to seek help.Discuss the importance of person centered and nonjudgmental approach when discussing sexual health concerns.Explain the ethical obligations of healthcare professionals in respecting patient confidentiality and informed consent when addressing sexual health issues.
Ageing and Life Cycle (EnR-Ag-001 to EnR-Ag-001)1 listed topic